Reproduction Flashcards
Ovary
paired female reproductive systems made up of ovarioles
Ovarioles
series of tapering egg tubes, the functional units of the ovary that contain a progression of the developing oocyte
Oocyte
the female gamete that differentiates from oogonia
Oogonia
originates from a germ cell and is a functional stem cell that develops into an oocyte (oocyte sometimes called cystocyte)
Germarium
region of the ovariole -the anterior portion of the ovariole that contains the stem cell niche and developing cystocytes
Germline stem cell
cells within the stem cell niche that undergo self-renewal and differentiation into gametes
Ring Canals
cytoplasmic bridges that connect cystocytes together
Vitellarium
a region of the ovariole and where the oocyte deposits yolk durinh vitellogenesis
Follicular stalk
separates successive follicles. Made from prefollicular tissues
Follicular epithelium
follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte and nurse cells. Produce yolk proteins, enzymes, ecdysone, vitelline envelope and chorion.
Myotropins
molecules that coordinate the contraction of the ovariole and oviduct to move the egg through the reproductive tract. Secreted by neurosecretory cells
Trophocyte/nurse cells
the cell that provides nourishment to the oocyte
Calyx
expansion of lateral oviduct where ovarioles open together
Spermathecae
where the sperm are stored until the time of fertilization (more permanent than the bursa)
Vitellogenin
the major source of nutrients for the oocyte, and produced in the fat body, secreted into the hemolymph and deposited in the developing oocyte
Vitellin
the storage form of vitellogenin and have been deposited into the cytoplasm after modification by the follicular epithelium
Ovulation
the passage of the oocyte into the oviduct
Panoistic ovariole
Ovariole in which the germarium contains only oogonia, primary oocytes and mesodermal prefollicular tissue. (no nurse cells)
Meroistic ovariole
ovariole in which oogonia produce oocytes and nurse cells (Hemiptera and holometabola)
Telotrophic ovariole
type of meroistic ovariole in which all the nurse cells remain in the germarium, nurse cells (trophocytes) continue to divide and are connected to the central region called the trophic core (Hemiptera, & Coleoptera)
Polytrophic ovariole
type of meroistic ovariole in which the nurse cells are packed together with the oocyte and enclosed within the follicle (Holometabola)
Neopanoistic ovariole
ovariole that has secondarily lost its nurse cells by the development of all cystocytes into oocytes or follicle cells
Ovoviviparity
the egg/embryo stays inside the mother, who provides nutrients until the embryo matures (Ex: Tsetse fly)
Oviparity
nutrients (yolk) are packaged into the egg and the developing embryo uses them after the egg is laid (Ex: Most insects)
Viviparity
female gives live birth, offspring hatch within females body
Parthenogenesis
eggs develop without fertilization
Autogeny
producing eggs without a meal
Accessory glands
produce glue for attaching eggs to substrate, sometimes produce ootheca
Lipophorin
shuttle molecules that transfer lipids from one tissue to another through the aqueous hemolymph and are deposited within the oocyte.
Receptor mediated endocytosis
how vitellogenin is moved into the oocyte membrane
Juvenile hormone
– regulates patency by increase the activity of the follicle cells
Yolk polypeptides (YPPs)
the name for the version of drosophila vitellogenins
Vitellin
storage form of vitellogenin
Chorion
eggshell
Micropyle
the hole where sperm can enter the egg on the anterior end
Aeropyles
pores open to the outside that can trap air. Restrict the passage of water
Operculum
a cap that opens to allow the larvae to exit
Bicoid + hunchback
determine the anterior portion of the oocyte
Caudal + nanos
determine the posterior portion of the oocyte
Blastoderm
A continuous layer of cells that surrounds the egg early during embryogenesis, derived from the energids that migrate to the periphery.
Vitellophages
an extra embryonic cell that digests the yolk stored within the egg that is used for embryogenesis
Gastrulation
– during embryonic development, the formation of the gastrula from endoderm
Eclosion
the act of emerging from the pupal case
Energids
daughter nuclei from the mitotic division of zygote nucleus during meroblastic cleavage, surrounded by an island of cytoplasm
Germ band
the region of thickened blastoderm cells that becomes the embryo later in development and represents the future ventral region
Ectoderm
the outer germ layer of the embryo
Endoderm
the inner germ layer of the embryo that gives rise to the midgut
Mesoderm
the middle embryonic layer of tissue that is derived from the interaction between the ectoderm and endoderm
Gap gene set
defines regions within the A-P and D-V context
Pair rule gene
genes that are expressed in stripes along the embryonic blastoderm in a periodicity that corresponds to every other parasegment
Segment polarity gene
developmental gene that determine anterior posterior borders of the segment
Hox genes
regulate structures unique to specific segments that become the three body regions
Amnioserosa
- represents an extraembryonic epithelium, it does not contribute to any embryonic tissue and is therefore not assigned to any of the germ layers
Serosa
the extra embryonic ectoderm after it is detached from the germ band
Fate map
a map of precise sites on the embryonic blastoderm that corresponds with anatomical structures later in development
Long germ band
– a type of embryonic development where the pattern of segmentation is established by the end of the blastoderm stage. The embryo takes up most of the egg
Short germ band
a type of embryonic development where the blastoderm is short and the embryo is located in the posterior ventral region
