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Insect Physiology > Everything else > Flashcards

Everything else Flashcards

1
Q

Ametabolous

A

A type of development without any metamorphosis. Found in apterygotes where adults and immatures closely resembles each other

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2
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Insects that have a gradual or incomplete metamorphosis and the development of wings on the outside of the body wall

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3
Q

exopterygotes

A

Insects that undergo a metamorphosis in which the wings develop as buds on the outside of the body wall

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4
Q

Holometabolous

A

The type of metamorphosis in which there is larvae, pupae, and adult

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5
Q

endopterygotes

A

Insects that undergo a metamorphosis with their wings inside of their bodies

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6
Q

Heteromorphosis

A

development where there are radical changes between successive instars.

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7
Q

Hypermetamorphosis

A

Endoptyergote insect whose larvae change form prior to pupation, producing different forms during larval stage

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8
Q

instar

A

the period between two apolyses

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9
Q

Pharate instar

A

the state of the instar after apolysis but before ecdysis. The instar concealed by the old cuticle.

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10
Q

stadium

A

The period between two ecdyses

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11
Q

exoskeleton

A

The hardened body wall of an insect

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12
Q

Morphogen

A

A substance that influences the movement and gene transcription of cells through a concentration gradient

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13
Q

transcription factor

A

proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.

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14
Q

P-element (transposable element)

A

sequences of DNA that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another.

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15
Q

Gal4

A

yeast transcription activator. It activates upstream activating sequence. It is used to activate either GFP or beta-galactosidae to identify tissues specific to gene expression

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16
Q

3 main parts of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Foregut
  2. Midgut
  3. Hindgut
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17
Q

precursor name for foregut

A

stomodeum

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18
Q

precursor for the hindgut

A

protodeum

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19
Q

Where do the foregut and hind gut originate?

A

ectodermal tissue and are lined with cuticle

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20
Q

Where does the midgut and gastric caeca originate?

A

endodermal tissue

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21
Q

what parts comprise the pre-oral cavity

A
  1. mouthparts

2. salivary glands

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22
Q

2 types of salivary glands

A

tubular or acinar (grape-like)

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23
Q

what parts comprise the foregut?

A
  1. pharynx
  2. cibarial pumps
  3. esophagus
  4. crop/proventriculus/diverticula
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24
Q

What is the cardia?

A

the junction between the foregut and midgut

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25
Q

What parts comprise the midgut?

A
  1. gastric caeca - pockets where food gets held up and absorbed
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26
Q

Parts that comprise the hindgut?

A
  1. paunch - fermentation chamber

2. rectal pads - involved in absorption of water from frass

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27
Q

Pyloric valve

A

closes down the movement of food

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28
Q

malpighian tubules

A

act as a kidney, uptake toxic materials from the hemolymph

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29
Q

merocrine secretion example

A

zymogen granules in the cytoplasm are released by exocytosis

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30
Q

apocrine secretion example

A

apical cytoplasm with granules sloughed

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31
Q

peritrophic maxtrix

A

protective layer of the gut that surrounds the midgut lumen. Allows passage of enzymes and digestive molecules.

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32
Q

another name for digestive cells

A

enterocyte

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33
Q

enteroblasts

A

A form of midgut stem cell that makes the enterocytes, or the digestive cell

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34
Q

extraoral digestion

A

outside of the body digestion, when digestive enzymes are placed in the prey Ex: Hemiptera

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35
Q

Proteases

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

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36
Q

exopeptidases

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids from the amino terminis

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37
Q

endopeptidases

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins within the amino acid chains

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38
Q

Lipases

A

break down lipids /triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

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39
Q

Phopholipases

A

break down lipids/ phospholipids in cell membranes

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40
Q

esterases

A

break down lipids, specifically carboxyesters into alcohol and carboxylate

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41
Q

What type of carbohydrates can be absorbed directly

A

monosaccharides

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42
Q

what enzymes are used for detoxification

A
  1. cytochrome p450
  2. esterases
  3. glutathione transferases
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43
Q

What components can move across the cell membrane without transport?

A
  1. lipids
  2. gases
  3. small uncharged polar molecules, e.g. urea & ethanol
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44
Q

types of components that don’t move freely through the cell membrane

A
  1. glucose
  2. ions (K, Mg, Ca, Cl)
  3. amino acids, ATP, glucose 6-phosphate
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45
Q

imaginal disc

A

pockets of tissues in larvae that will become expressed during metamorphosis and become the adult tissues.

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46
Q

Puparium

A

the hardened larval skin that which encloses the pupae in some insects. esp diptera

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47
Q

What causes the eversion of the imaginal discs

A

Bursicon and other endocrine factors

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48
Q

Why do insects need nutrients?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Maintenance
  3. Reproduction
  4. Locomotion/dispersal
  5. Defense
  6. Finding/consuming
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49
Q

Where do insects get nutrients?

A
  1. egg yolk
  2. Food found/ingested
  3. Cuticle resorption
  4. Conversion of metabolites/mobilization
  5. symbionts/microbiota
  6. Nuptial gifts
  7. Social feeding
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50
Q

Holidic diet

A

all components chemically defined

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51
Q

Meridic diet

A

Chemically defined for most of the components, few components contain unknowns such as casein, wheat germ oil

52
Q

Oligidic diet

A

formulated to include some crude major constituents

53
Q

What are the basic components required for energy, reserves, growth and reproduction

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Amino acids
  4. Vitamins
  5. Water
  6. Inorganic compounds
54
Q

what is the basic unit of Carbohydrates? and what is their use?

A

glucose, ingested as polysaccharides, but mono& disaccharides absorbed. Used in cuticle, and synthesis of lipids and amino acids

55
Q

Basic unit of Lipids? how are they used?

A

long fatty acid chains, cholesterol is essential. Used for cell membranes, energy, cnversion to other nutrients and messengers.

56
Q

Amino acids basic needed? Use of amino acids?

A

20 needed. 10 - 12 essential. Proteins are used for structure and biochemical processes. Enzymes, transport, storage, and signal transmission

57
Q

What are vitamins used for? what are the vitamins needed

A

organic molecules used as cofactors for enzymes. A, D, K, B, and C

58
Q

What are some of the inorganic compounds needed? what are they used for?

A

Fe, Na, K, Mg, Cl, P, Zn, Mn. Used as cofactors for enzymes and proteins.

59
Q

what are some of the gut microorganisms

A
  1. gut flora - bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and fungi.
  2. specialized tissue associations - Mycetomes (fat body), Bacteriocytes (sap suckers), hindgut (termites)
  3. specialized behavioral and cultural associations
60
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of biochemical processes within the cell, associated with the utilization of nutrients and oxygen.

61
Q

what is metabolism controlled by?

A
  1. mass action of molecules
  2. Movement of molecules
  3. temperature, pH, enzyme activity
  4. Neuronal singals and hormones
62
Q

Fat body does what?

A
  1. intermediary metabolism
  2. Synthesis of hemolymph proteins
  3. storage of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
63
Q

fat body

A

made up of adipocyte cells. It is distributed throughout the insect body involved in metabolic processes

64
Q

What are the two types of fat body?

A
  1. perivisceral (visceral)- associated with the gut

2. subcuticular(peripheral) - associated with the epidermis in the abdomen

65
Q

What does the adipocytes function to do?

A
  1. stores lipids in vaculoes
  2. turns carbohydrates into glycogen
  3. proteins are stored
66
Q

Mycetocytes

A

some insects have these that host bacterial symbionts

67
Q

What are the 5 types of fat body cells

A
  1. adipocytes
  2. Urate cells
  3. Bacteriocytes (mycetocytes)
  4. Hemoglobin
  5. Oenocytes
68
Q

What are the two metamorphic ways the fat body can change?

A
  1. Cell death (in higher diptera)

2. Autophagy/cell remodeling by autophagosomes

69
Q

Fat body lipids

A

most efficient stored form of energy

70
Q

what are the fat body storage form of lipids?

A
  1. TAG =triacylglycerol
  2. DAG = mono-, diacylglyercol
  3. FFA = free fatty acids
  4. sterols and sterol esters
71
Q

What are the 5 types of lipoproteins

A
  1. Lipophorins
  2. apolipophorins
  3. Lipophorin receptor
  4. Lipid Transfer particles
  5. Fatty acid binding proteins
72
Q

Apolipophorins

A

hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects

73
Q

Lipid transfer particles

A

facilitates the transfer of many different classes of lipids to lipophorin at cell membranes

74
Q

Fatty acid binding proteins

A

the only type of lipophorin that is inside the cell and therefore facilitates lipid transport among organelles, esp the mitochondria

75
Q

Glucose

A

the unit molecule for carbohydrate metabolism

76
Q

glycogen

A

long branching polymer of glucose. Stored in the fat body and other tissues

77
Q

Trehalose

A

non-reducing disaccharide of glucose. It is advantageous over glucose becasue glucose becomes toxic at high levels, trehalose has a lower diffusion rate, and lower osmotic load.

78
Q

where is trehalose synthesized?

A

in the fat body by alpha, alpha trehalose phosphate synthase

79
Q

what breaks down trehalose?

A

Trehalase

80
Q

What are the storage proteins?

A

Hexamerins
Arylphorins
Tyrostaurins

81
Q

Hexamerins

A

large proteins, abundant in hemolymph, that act as primarily storage proteins to provide amino acids required for protein synthesis

82
Q

arylphorin

A

storage protein that form homohexamers and are more abundant in females.

  • secreted by the fat body
  • stored during the last instar stage
  • used during pupal stage for adult development
83
Q

Tyrostaurins

A

storage protein in weevils. They are never released into the hemolymph

84
Q

What are the 3 types of transport proteins

A
  1. lipids by lipophorins
  2. hormone transport proteins ex: JHBP
  3. hemoglobins in chironomidae
85
Q

What are the roles of protease inhibitors?

A

protect tissues during breakdown of larval tissues.
protect from pathogensic microbes
regulate endogenous proteases involved in immunity

86
Q

Adipokinetic hormone & hypertrehalosemic hormone

A

peptide hormone that mobilize stored lipids (locusts) or carbs (cockroaches)

87
Q

Insulin like peptides and bombyxins

A

located in brain neurosecretory cells and midgut, functions to lower blood glucose and lower trehalase

88
Q

Crustacean hyperglycerin hormone

A

large peptide hormone that acts as an antidiuretic hormone

89
Q

aerobic respiration

A

oxygen uptake and the release of energy, water, and CO2 from the oxidation of metabolites

90
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

occurs exclusively in the mitochondria of cells

91
Q

polyneustic tracheal system

A

has at least three pairs of functional spiracles

92
Q

metapneustic tracheal system

A

breathing through a pair of posterior or anal spiracles

93
Q

apeneustic tracheal system

A

no spiracles, respiration occurs through the cuticle. Mostly endoparasitic

94
Q

taenidium

A

circumferential thickenings of the cuticle inside a trachea or tracheole in an insect’s respiratory system

95
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a respiratory protein found in the fat body and tracheal cells. Binds with O2. uses Fe2+ porphyrin ring

96
Q

Myooglobin

A

monomeric heme protein found in mussel tissue where it serves as an intracellular storage site for oxygen

97
Q

Hemocyanin

A

a respiratory protein that transports oxygen, lost in holometabolous insects. uses 2 Cu+ ion

98
Q

what is the open system for circulation

A

hemolymph bathes the internal organs directly in the body cavity or hemocoelon and is circulating but a single conducting tube

99
Q

what are the major components of of the circulatory system

A
  1. Dorsal vessel
  2. aorta
  3. Heart - Ostia & alary muscles & segmental vessels
  4. Pericardial cells
100
Q

What is the dorsal vessel

A

the principal organ in the circulatory system. Mesodermal origin

101
Q

What is the Aorta

A

circulatory system, anterior region, no segmental chambers no loops or coils in thorax in some spp.

102
Q

Heart

A

longest part of the vessel from thorax through abdomen. closed at the posterior end.

103
Q

Parts of the Heart

A

Ostia - openings along the lateral edge of the organ
Alary muscles - on each segmental chamber, attach to the body wall
segmental - only in cockroaches

104
Q

Pericadial cells

A

strands or clusters along the alary muscles or heart. Filter hemolymph through through a membrane labyrinth by rapidly sequestering and digesting proteins

105
Q

What direction are contractions in the circulatory system

A

posterior to anterior

106
Q

What are the diaphragms and sinuses?

A
  1. Dorsal diaphragm or pericardial sinus
  2. Ventral diaphragm
  3. Dorsal pericardial sinus
  4. Perivisceral sinus
  5. Ventral Perineural sinus
107
Q

Prohemocytes

A

smallest of the hemocytes, which gives rise to other hemocytes

108
Q

Plasmocyte

A

The basic form of insect hemocytes. Large, abundant insect blood cells. They are involved in wound repair or encapsulation.

109
Q

Granular cell

A

a type of hemocyte that is believed to be involved in nutrient transport and immune function

110
Q

Spherule cell

A

A hemocyte that is round or ovoid with a small nucleus. These cells are not motile or phagoctotic but appear to have a storage role.

111
Q

Oenocytoids

A

A hemocyte with large cells and a complex array of microtubules and crystalline

112
Q

Adiopohemocytes

A

a Hemocytes contain lipid droplets and well-developed ER and GC

113
Q

Acessory pulsatile organs

A

auxillary pumps in appendages, they move hemolymph into the appendages

114
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules

A

membrane bound molecules on pathogens, they are very specific molecules for each type of pathogen (e.g., fungus is different than bacteria)

115
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

a host protein that is made by the fat body, midgut and hemocytes and involved in pathogen recognition in the hemolymph

116
Q

what are the three different immune signaling pathways

A

Toll pathway, imd pathway, and Jak/stat pathway

117
Q

Phagocytosis

A

foreign material and pathogens are engulfed, compartmentalized and digested by hemocytes (plasmatocytes & granulocytes)

118
Q

Nodule formation

A

cellular defense for small foreign objects where they are surrounded by hemocytes and sequestered. `

119
Q

Encapsulation

A

cellular defense against large pathogens where there is an aggregation of hemocytes and melanization

120
Q

Lysis

A

immune humoral response where the cell wall is ruptured by lysosomes produced in the fat body

121
Q

What is the cascade that is involved in melanization

A

Phenoloxidae cascade. Phenoloxidae and tyrosinase are involved in wound healing. The catalyse melanin formation on pathogen surfaces.

122
Q

Cyclic peptide

A

a antimicrobial peptide produced by fat body, epidermis, midgut, trachea, or genital tract. Involved in secretion response to foreign body

123
Q

linear peptides

A

An antimicrobial peptide that is involved in immune response. Made by the fat body or other barrier tissues

124
Q

Ecosanoids

A

mediate immune response

125
Q

Nitric oxide

A

act as a signaling messenger molecule and important in gut response

Insect Physiology (7 decks)

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