Everything else Flashcards
Ametabolous
A type of development without any metamorphosis. Found in apterygotes where adults and immatures closely resembles each other
Hemimetabolous
Insects that have a gradual or incomplete metamorphosis and the development of wings on the outside of the body wall
exopterygotes
Insects that undergo a metamorphosis in which the wings develop as buds on the outside of the body wall
Holometabolous
The type of metamorphosis in which there is larvae, pupae, and adult
endopterygotes
Insects that undergo a metamorphosis with their wings inside of their bodies
Heteromorphosis
development where there are radical changes between successive instars.
Hypermetamorphosis
Endoptyergote insect whose larvae change form prior to pupation, producing different forms during larval stage
instar
the period between two apolyses
Pharate instar
the state of the instar after apolysis but before ecdysis. The instar concealed by the old cuticle.
stadium
The period between two ecdyses
exoskeleton
The hardened body wall of an insect
Morphogen
A substance that influences the movement and gene transcription of cells through a concentration gradient
transcription factor
proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.
P-element (transposable element)
sequences of DNA that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another.
Gal4
yeast transcription activator. It activates upstream activating sequence. It is used to activate either GFP or beta-galactosidae to identify tissues specific to gene expression
3 main parts of the alimentary canal
- Foregut
- Midgut
- Hindgut
precursor name for foregut
stomodeum
precursor for the hindgut
protodeum
Where do the foregut and hind gut originate?
ectodermal tissue and are lined with cuticle
Where does the midgut and gastric caeca originate?
endodermal tissue
what parts comprise the pre-oral cavity
- mouthparts
2. salivary glands
2 types of salivary glands
tubular or acinar (grape-like)
what parts comprise the foregut?
- pharynx
- cibarial pumps
- esophagus
- crop/proventriculus/diverticula
What is the cardia?
the junction between the foregut and midgut
What parts comprise the midgut?
- gastric caeca - pockets where food gets held up and absorbed
Parts that comprise the hindgut?
- paunch - fermentation chamber
2. rectal pads - involved in absorption of water from frass
Pyloric valve
closes down the movement of food
malpighian tubules
act as a kidney, uptake toxic materials from the hemolymph
merocrine secretion example
zymogen granules in the cytoplasm are released by exocytosis
apocrine secretion example
apical cytoplasm with granules sloughed
peritrophic maxtrix
protective layer of the gut that surrounds the midgut lumen. Allows passage of enzymes and digestive molecules.
another name for digestive cells
enterocyte
enteroblasts
A form of midgut stem cell that makes the enterocytes, or the digestive cell
extraoral digestion
outside of the body digestion, when digestive enzymes are placed in the prey Ex: Hemiptera
Proteases
an enzyme that breaks down proteins
exopeptidases
breaks down proteins into amino acids from the amino terminis
endopeptidases
an enzyme that breaks down proteins within the amino acid chains
Lipases
break down lipids /triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Phopholipases
break down lipids/ phospholipids in cell membranes
esterases
break down lipids, specifically carboxyesters into alcohol and carboxylate
What type of carbohydrates can be absorbed directly
monosaccharides
what enzymes are used for detoxification
- cytochrome p450
- esterases
- glutathione transferases
What components can move across the cell membrane without transport?
- lipids
- gases
- small uncharged polar molecules, e.g. urea & ethanol
types of components that don’t move freely through the cell membrane
- glucose
- ions (K, Mg, Ca, Cl)
- amino acids, ATP, glucose 6-phosphate
imaginal disc
pockets of tissues in larvae that will become expressed during metamorphosis and become the adult tissues.
Puparium
the hardened larval skin that which encloses the pupae in some insects. esp diptera
What causes the eversion of the imaginal discs
Bursicon and other endocrine factors
Why do insects need nutrients?
- Growth
- Maintenance
- Reproduction
- Locomotion/dispersal
- Defense
- Finding/consuming
Where do insects get nutrients?
- egg yolk
- Food found/ingested
- Cuticle resorption
- Conversion of metabolites/mobilization
- symbionts/microbiota
- Nuptial gifts
- Social feeding
Holidic diet
all components chemically defined
Meridic diet
Chemically defined for most of the components, few components contain unknowns such as casein, wheat germ oil
Oligidic diet
formulated to include some crude major constituents
What are the basic components required for energy, reserves, growth and reproduction
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Amino acids
- Vitamins
- Water
- Inorganic compounds
what is the basic unit of Carbohydrates? and what is their use?
glucose, ingested as polysaccharides, but mono& disaccharides absorbed. Used in cuticle, and synthesis of lipids and amino acids
Basic unit of Lipids? how are they used?
long fatty acid chains, cholesterol is essential. Used for cell membranes, energy, cnversion to other nutrients and messengers.
Amino acids basic needed? Use of amino acids?
20 needed. 10 - 12 essential. Proteins are used for structure and biochemical processes. Enzymes, transport, storage, and signal transmission
What are vitamins used for? what are the vitamins needed
organic molecules used as cofactors for enzymes. A, D, K, B, and C
What are some of the inorganic compounds needed? what are they used for?
Fe, Na, K, Mg, Cl, P, Zn, Mn. Used as cofactors for enzymes and proteins.
what are some of the gut microorganisms
- gut flora - bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and fungi.
- specialized tissue associations - Mycetomes (fat body), Bacteriocytes (sap suckers), hindgut (termites)
- specialized behavioral and cultural associations
metabolism
the sum of biochemical processes within the cell, associated with the utilization of nutrients and oxygen.
what is metabolism controlled by?
- mass action of molecules
- Movement of molecules
- temperature, pH, enzyme activity
- Neuronal singals and hormones
Fat body does what?
- intermediary metabolism
- Synthesis of hemolymph proteins
- storage of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
fat body
made up of adipocyte cells. It is distributed throughout the insect body involved in metabolic processes
What are the two types of fat body?
- perivisceral (visceral)- associated with the gut
2. subcuticular(peripheral) - associated with the epidermis in the abdomen
What does the adipocytes function to do?
- stores lipids in vaculoes
- turns carbohydrates into glycogen
- proteins are stored
Mycetocytes
some insects have these that host bacterial symbionts
What are the 5 types of fat body cells
- adipocytes
- Urate cells
- Bacteriocytes (mycetocytes)
- Hemoglobin
- Oenocytes
What are the two metamorphic ways the fat body can change?
- Cell death (in higher diptera)
2. Autophagy/cell remodeling by autophagosomes
Fat body lipids
most efficient stored form of energy
what are the fat body storage form of lipids?
- TAG =triacylglycerol
- DAG = mono-, diacylglyercol
- FFA = free fatty acids
- sterols and sterol esters
What are the 5 types of lipoproteins
- Lipophorins
- apolipophorins
- Lipophorin receptor
- Lipid Transfer particles
- Fatty acid binding proteins
Apolipophorins
hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects
Lipid transfer particles
facilitates the transfer of many different classes of lipids to lipophorin at cell membranes
Fatty acid binding proteins
the only type of lipophorin that is inside the cell and therefore facilitates lipid transport among organelles, esp the mitochondria
Glucose
the unit molecule for carbohydrate metabolism
glycogen
long branching polymer of glucose. Stored in the fat body and other tissues
Trehalose
non-reducing disaccharide of glucose. It is advantageous over glucose becasue glucose becomes toxic at high levels, trehalose has a lower diffusion rate, and lower osmotic load.
where is trehalose synthesized?
in the fat body by alpha, alpha trehalose phosphate synthase
what breaks down trehalose?
Trehalase
What are the storage proteins?
Hexamerins
Arylphorins
Tyrostaurins
Hexamerins
large proteins, abundant in hemolymph, that act as primarily storage proteins to provide amino acids required for protein synthesis
arylphorin
storage protein that form homohexamers and are more abundant in females.
- secreted by the fat body
- stored during the last instar stage
- used during pupal stage for adult development
Tyrostaurins
storage protein in weevils. They are never released into the hemolymph
What are the 3 types of transport proteins
- lipids by lipophorins
- hormone transport proteins ex: JHBP
- hemoglobins in chironomidae
What are the roles of protease inhibitors?
protect tissues during breakdown of larval tissues.
protect from pathogensic microbes
regulate endogenous proteases involved in immunity
Adipokinetic hormone & hypertrehalosemic hormone
peptide hormone that mobilize stored lipids (locusts) or carbs (cockroaches)
Insulin like peptides and bombyxins
located in brain neurosecretory cells and midgut, functions to lower blood glucose and lower trehalase
Crustacean hyperglycerin hormone
large peptide hormone that acts as an antidiuretic hormone
aerobic respiration
oxygen uptake and the release of energy, water, and CO2 from the oxidation of metabolites
where does aerobic respiration occur?
occurs exclusively in the mitochondria of cells
polyneustic tracheal system
has at least three pairs of functional spiracles
metapneustic tracheal system
breathing through a pair of posterior or anal spiracles
apeneustic tracheal system
no spiracles, respiration occurs through the cuticle. Mostly endoparasitic
taenidium
circumferential thickenings of the cuticle inside a trachea or tracheole in an insect’s respiratory system
Hemoglobin
a respiratory protein found in the fat body and tracheal cells. Binds with O2. uses Fe2+ porphyrin ring
Myooglobin
monomeric heme protein found in mussel tissue where it serves as an intracellular storage site for oxygen
Hemocyanin
a respiratory protein that transports oxygen, lost in holometabolous insects. uses 2 Cu+ ion
what is the open system for circulation
hemolymph bathes the internal organs directly in the body cavity or hemocoelon and is circulating but a single conducting tube
what are the major components of of the circulatory system
- Dorsal vessel
- aorta
- Heart - Ostia & alary muscles & segmental vessels
- Pericardial cells
What is the dorsal vessel
the principal organ in the circulatory system. Mesodermal origin
What is the Aorta
circulatory system, anterior region, no segmental chambers no loops or coils in thorax in some spp.
Heart
longest part of the vessel from thorax through abdomen. closed at the posterior end.
Parts of the Heart
Ostia - openings along the lateral edge of the organ
Alary muscles - on each segmental chamber, attach to the body wall
segmental - only in cockroaches
Pericadial cells
strands or clusters along the alary muscles or heart. Filter hemolymph through through a membrane labyrinth by rapidly sequestering and digesting proteins
What direction are contractions in the circulatory system
posterior to anterior
What are the diaphragms and sinuses?
- Dorsal diaphragm or pericardial sinus
- Ventral diaphragm
- Dorsal pericardial sinus
- Perivisceral sinus
- Ventral Perineural sinus
Prohemocytes
smallest of the hemocytes, which gives rise to other hemocytes
Plasmocyte
The basic form of insect hemocytes. Large, abundant insect blood cells. They are involved in wound repair or encapsulation.
Granular cell
a type of hemocyte that is believed to be involved in nutrient transport and immune function
Spherule cell
A hemocyte that is round or ovoid with a small nucleus. These cells are not motile or phagoctotic but appear to have a storage role.
Oenocytoids
A hemocyte with large cells and a complex array of microtubules and crystalline
Adiopohemocytes
a Hemocytes contain lipid droplets and well-developed ER and GC
Acessory pulsatile organs
auxillary pumps in appendages, they move hemolymph into the appendages
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules
membrane bound molecules on pathogens, they are very specific molecules for each type of pathogen (e.g., fungus is different than bacteria)
Pattern recognition receptors
a host protein that is made by the fat body, midgut and hemocytes and involved in pathogen recognition in the hemolymph
what are the three different immune signaling pathways
Toll pathway, imd pathway, and Jak/stat pathway
Phagocytosis
foreign material and pathogens are engulfed, compartmentalized and digested by hemocytes (plasmatocytes & granulocytes)
Nodule formation
cellular defense for small foreign objects where they are surrounded by hemocytes and sequestered. `
Encapsulation
cellular defense against large pathogens where there is an aggregation of hemocytes and melanization
Lysis
immune humoral response where the cell wall is ruptured by lysosomes produced in the fat body
What is the cascade that is involved in melanization
Phenoloxidae cascade. Phenoloxidae and tyrosinase are involved in wound healing. The catalyse melanin formation on pathogen surfaces.
Cyclic peptide
a antimicrobial peptide produced by fat body, epidermis, midgut, trachea, or genital tract. Involved in secretion response to foreign body
linear peptides
An antimicrobial peptide that is involved in immune response. Made by the fat body or other barrier tissues
Ecosanoids
mediate immune response
Nitric oxide
act as a signaling messenger molecule and important in gut response
