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Insect Physiology > Signaling > Flashcards

Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Ecdysteroid

A

The collective term for derivatives of ecdysone. Ecdysteroids trigger mainly molting (apolysis) and vitellogenin production by affecting gene expression.

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2
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical produced by specialized tissues and released into the blood that affects target tissues elsewhere in the body.

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3
Q

Neurohormone

A

A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells and released ffrom a neurohemal organ into the hemolymph

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4
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Transmission of information in a multicellular organism via nerves by means of electrical and chemical signals

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released at the neural synapse that enables the nervous activation to pass to an adjacent neuron.

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

A type of cell signaling where the target cell is near the signaling cell

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7
Q

Prothroracic gland

A

the endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes ecdysteroids

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8
Q

Ring gland

A

The composite endocrine gland of larval dipterans consisting of the prothoracic gland, corpus allatum, and corpus cardiacum.

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9
Q

Growth Factor Proteins

A

determine tissue types at all life stages

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10
Q

Morphogen proteins

A

A substance that influences the movement and gene transcription of cells through a concentration gradient.

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11
Q

Steroids/sesquiterpenoids

A

(e.g. juvenile hormone) are small organic molecules that regulate development, reproduction, and many other processes

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12
Q

Types of chemical messengers

A
  1. Growth Factor proteins
  2. Morphogen proteins
  3. Steroids/sesquiterpenoids
  4. Neurotransmitters
  5. Peptide/neuropeptide
  6. Immunity factors
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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

small organic molecules that enable electrochemical communication with the nervous system and regulate muscle activity

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14
Q

Peptide/neuropeptide hormones

A

enable feedback between tissues and modulate all processes listed

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15
Q

Immunity factors

A

A type of chemical messenger that range from small molecules to large proteins

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16
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

type of cell signaling in which the cell that produces the signal bears receptor for it and is influenced by its action

cell communication with self

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17
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

A type of cell signaling where the target cell is near the signaling cell

cell communicating with nearby cells

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18
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

type of signaling where the target cell is must signal through the bloodstream

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19
Q

Secretion

A

cell synthesis, storage and release into extracellular space/hemolymph

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20
Q

degradation

A

circulating or cell surface enzymes

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21
Q

transduction

A

receptors on cell membrane or inside activate signaling pathway

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22
Q

Steroid hormones

A

regulate development, reproduction, immunity, water balance, metabolism, and behavior

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23
Q

precursor to steriods

A

squalene to cholesterol made by sesquiterpenoids

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24
Q

Prothoracic glands produce?

A

ecdysteroid hormones in nymph/larval stages

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25
Q

Example of an Endocrine gland

A

Prothoracic gland

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26
Q

what assists ecdysteroids into the cell?

A

nuclear hormone receptors (ex. ultraspiracle transcription factor)

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27
Q

Sources of Juvenile Hormone

A
  1. embryonic serosa
  2. corpus allatum
  3. male accessory gland
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28
Q

Juvenile hormone functions

A 
in embryo- cuticle and midgut
in larvae - prevents metamorphosis
-affects pigmentation
-stimulates feeding
-supresses wandering
-induces diapause 
- caste differentiation in termites
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29
Q

peptides that stimulate juvenile hormone

A
  1. allatotropins
  2. insulin- like peptides
  3. ecdysis triggering hormone
30
Q

Juvenile hormone esterase

A

degrading enzyme that occurs in the hemolymph

31
Q

juvenile hormone binding proteins

A
  • prevent JH from binding to other hydrophobic sites on cell
  • reduce enzyme metabolism by esterases
  • provide a reservoir of JH
  • aid in the transfer of JH
32
Q

2 types of JH binding proteins

A
  1. juvenile hormone binding proteins

2. Lipophorins

33
Q

Long term action

A
34
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

from brain/NS to localized cells

35
Q

Halloween Genes

A

set of genes coding for cytochrome P450 enzymes in ecdysteroid pathway; mostly in prothoracic gland

36
Q

Ecdysteroid receptors

A

specific type of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs); function as transcription factors

37
Q

Ecdysone/20-OH ecdysone

A

most common ecdysteroid (20-hydroxyecdysone) is hydroxylated/activated form found in target tissues) secreted by prothoracic gland; primarily important for molting

38
Q

Golden oil

A

JH originally obtained from abdomen/fat body (now from accessory glands) of male moth for bioassays with JH

39
Q

Juvabione

A

“paper factor” JH specific to milkweed bug, affects development

40
Q

Corpa cardaica

A

pair of organs closely associated with aorta, contains axons passing through to corpora allata

41
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

in ganglia of CNS, discharge products into hemolymph (make hormones)

42
Q

Inka cells/Epitracheal glands

A

large neurosecretory cells attached to trachea near each spiracle; source of ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) and pre-ecdysis triggering hormone (PETH)

43
Q

Synaptoids

A

swellings at the ends of axon branches of neurosecretory cells where secretions are released into hemolymph

44
Q

Ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH)

A

peptide hormone produced by Inka cells; acts on VNchord to initiate ecdysis behavior/release of EH

45
Q

Prothorarcictrophic hormone (PTTH)

A

made in neurohemal organ, signals to prothoracic gland for ecdysteroid synthesis

46
Q

Polytene chromosome puffs

A

areas of gene activity - unraveled chromosome areas

47
Q

Nuclear hormone receptors

A

receptors that function as transcription factors with ligand binding domain (binds ecdysone) or DNA binding domain (starts transcription); activates or inhibits gene expression

48
Q

Allatotrophins

A

neurohormones that stimulate JH production in corpora allata (includes manse-AT)

49
Q

Allatostatins

A

neurohormones that inhibit JH production in copora allata (reversible, includes manse-AST)

50
Q

Allatoinhibin

A

neurohormone that inhibits corpora allata irreversibly

51
Q

Insect growth regulator (IGR)

A

mimic action of hormone to disrupt molting and modify insect/mite growth

52
Q

TcMet

A

protein coded by methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene; receptor of JH, controls start of metamorphosis

53
Q

Acetylcholine

A

ACH, predominant excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to ion channels and G proteins coupled receptor

54
Q

Choline acetyltransferase

A

synthesis from choline and acetyl coenzyme A

55
Q

Acetylchonlinesterase

A

The enzyme present in the synapse that degrades acetylcholine to acetate and choline. Makes acetylecholine receptor available for the next release of neurotransmitter

56
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A
57
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Target of DDT and pyrethroid

58
Q

Amino acid messengers

A
  1. Y-aminobutyic acid = GABA
  2. Glutamate
  3. Hisamine
  4. Biogenic amines
59
Q

What are GABA receptors

A 
A class of receptors thay respond to the neurotransmitter GABA in the CNS EX: Homopentameric chloride channel
And metabotrophic receptors
60
Q

G-Protein coupled receptors type

A

a type of metabotropic receptors

61
Q

What is a Biogenic amines

A

slow acting neurotransmitters

62
Q

Types of biogenic amines

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Phenolamines
  3. Octopamine
  4. Tyramine
  5. Serotonin
  6. Melatonin
63
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

another type of chemical messenger. Syntheized from L-arginine by NO synthase. short lived gas messenger that diffuses through membranes, produced cGMP

64
Q

Eicosanoids

A

oxygenated metabolites of specific polyunsaturated fatty acid. produced in a variety of tissues

65
Q

monoamine neurotransmitter transporter

A
66
Q

signal transduction

A

primary purpose is to transfer signals from outside the cell to inside.

67
Q

basic components of receptor signaling

A
  1. Ligand
  2. Receptor
  3. Effector or signaling system
68
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A
69
Q

what are the 4 classes of GPCRs

A
  1. Rhodopsin-like receptor family
  2. Secretin-like receptor family
  3. Metabotrophic glutamate receptor-like family
  4. atypical 7 transmembrane proteins
70
Q

Glial Cell

A

An accessory cell that surrounds neurons and provides them with nourishment and insulation

71
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons, where electrical energy from nervous transmission is converted into chemical energy to stimulate the post-synaptic neuron

72
Q

Neurons

A

Cellular building blocks that make up the nervous system

Insect Physiology (7 decks)

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