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general biology I > test 2: diversity > Flashcards

test 2: diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

domains

A

bacteria, archae, eukarya

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2
Q

bacteria

A
  • most common prokaryotes

- important in ecosystem (chemical recycling, ecological interactions)

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3
Q

archaea

A

extreme environements

  • extreme halophiles
  • extreme thermophiles
  • methanogens (anaerobic)
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4
Q

big picture evolution for organisms

A
  • bacteria first
  • single celled organisms + incorporation of chlorplasts and mitochondrias
  • multicellular organisms
  • animal group radiates
  • verterbrates evolve and move onto land
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5
Q

eukarya kingdoms

A

protists, plants, fungi, animals

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6
Q

cell walls

A

bacteria/archaea: peptidoglycan
protists/animals: none
plants: cellulose (can’t digest)
fungi: chitin (digest a little)

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7
Q

capsule

A

sticky layer of polysaccharides on cell wall

  • prokaryotes to stick to surface
  • extra layer against desiccation
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8
Q

fimbrae

A

hair like projections that help stick

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9
Q

flagella

A

some species have them for movement, analogous structures

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10
Q

nucleoid region

A

no nucleus, DNA clumped in one area of the cell

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11
Q

aerobic

A

must use o2 for cellular respiration

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12
Q

anaerobic

A

poisoned by o2

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13
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

use o2 if present

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14
Q

animals

A 
heterophobic (ingest/breakdown)
multicellular
eukaryotic but no cell wall
muscle/nerve cells
sexual reproduction
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15
Q

cephalization

A

sensory equipment concentrated at anterior end and a central nervous system

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16
Q

segmentation

A

replicated organs and divisions (insects)

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17
Q

radial symmetry

A

multiple planes (like pie)

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18
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

1 plan with 2 equal halves

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19
Q

appendage

A

limbs

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20
Q

verterbrates - phylum cordata

A

1- notochord: dorsal, flexible supportive rod (spinal chord)
2- pharyngeal slits/pouches
3- dorsal hollow nerve cord
4- post-anal tail

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21
Q

cambrian explosion

A
  • animals diversified suddenly
  • 535 million yrs ago
  • before, all large animals were soft bodied herbivores
    ie: appearance of agressive predators
    big explosion of mutations
22
Q

important steps of vertebrate evolution

A

mineralized skeleton, paired fins, jaws, lungs, internal fertilization, tetrapod limbs, amniotic egg, flight

23
Q

urochordates and cephalochordates

A

tunicates and lancelets: very primitive members of chordata

24
Q

class myxini

A

hagfish, no real jaws/vertebrae, skull of cartilage, ratin notochord as flexible cartilage support

25
Q

class pretromyzontida

A

lampreys, jawless, no paired fins, cartilage skeleton, gill pouches

26
Q

class gnathostomes

A

subgroups: pacoderms, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

27
Q

placoderms

A
  • oldest
  • hinge structures and teeth
  • evolved from skeletal rods in gill slits
  • retained paired fins and gained a rudimentary tail
28
Q

chondrichthyes

A
  • sharks, rays, marine predators
  • cartilage
  • some degree of parental care
  • true tail
  • internal fertilization
  • electrical field detection
29
Q

osteichthyes

A

subclass: actinopterygii and sarcopterygii

30
Q

actinopterygii

A

traditional body fish

- lungs to breath air and gills, swim bladder, parental care

31
Q

sarcopterygii

A

from here evolved animals with limbs

32
Q

actinista

A

coelacanth, believed to be extinct

33
Q

dipnoi

A

lungfish, gulp air at surface into lungs but have gills
tetratops evolved from here (animals on all 4s, fins strong enough to crawl in mud, pectoral and pelvic fins replaced with feet and digits)

34
Q

amphibia

A

frogs, salamanders, caecilians, reproduce aquatically

35
Q

reptilia

A

1st fully terrestrial verterbrate

  • amniotic egg
  • internal fertilization
  • waterproof skin
  • flight
  • leg position
36
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • no need for water to reproduce
  • full development on land
    yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion
37
Q

yolk sac

A

found in fishes, bigger, yolk enclosed in membrane

stockpile of nutrients for the embryo

38
Q

amnion

A

water filled sac around embryo, protects embryo from mechanical shocks (cushions)

39
Q

allantois

A

extension of urinary system (waste striage); blood vessels late in development allow for oxygen exchange

40
Q

chorion and shell

A

protective and waterproof, also allows exchange of gases between embryo and air (o2, co2)

41
Q

internal fertilization

A
  • egg develops in mom and is laid
  • no more need for water
  • eggs not subject to predation in water, reptiles able to out compete amphibians
42
Q

waterproof skin

A

better heart and lungs, no need for external eater supply, better able to compete on land

43
Q

flight

A

dinosaurs gave rise to birds, birds grouped under theropods, feather may have enabled small dinosaurs to gain extra lift while running1gliding

44
Q

earliest known bird fossil

A

archaeopteryx

45
Q

adaptations for flight

A

no bladder, females have one ovary, no teeth, light porous bones, wings and feathers

46
Q

leg position

A

higher repitles are more efficient, legs more underneath
weight supportedly mostly on bone
movement faster and longer
(crocodile limb position analogous)

47
Q

mammalia

A

hair, breasts, larger brain, 4 chamber heart, heterdont (different teeth)
small early on, not diverse until dinosaurs died

48
Q

groups of mammals

A

monotremes, marsupials, placentals

49
Q

monotremes

A

platypus and spiny anteater (australia), evolved apart from other mammals, not ancestors of other mammals, lay shelled eggs and nurse young

50
Q

marsupials

A

australia (american ones went extinct), 3 week gestation then embryo crawls to pouch and nurses on mammary glands; outcompete by placentals

general biology I (20 decks)

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