Test 2 Diseases Flashcards
metabolic bone disease where bone becomes brittle, porous and vulnerable
osteoporosis
acute or chronic infection of bone forming tissue
osteomyelitis
chronic inflammatory process of joints and bones that results in degeneration of joint cartilage and bones
osteoarthritis
chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism
gout/gout arthitis
chronic progressive neuromuscular disease that increasing produces sporadic weakness and exhaustion of skeletal muscles
myasthenia gravis
chronic inflammatory connective tissues disorder
systemic lupus erythmatosus
chronic condition characterized by pain in muscles, ligaments, and tendons
fibromyalgia
who is targeted for osteoporosis
post menopausal women over age 50
what causes osteomyelitis
staphylococcus aureus
who is more likely to get osteomyelitis
children, specifically boys
who is most likely to get osteoarthritis
women after 55, mostly at 70
who is more likely to have rheumatoid arthritis
women
who is more likely to have gout
men around age 30 more than women with menopause
who is more likely to get myasthenia gravis
women 20-40
who is more likely to get systemic lupus erythmatosus
women 15-45(8x more)
who is more likely to get fibromyalgia
women by 80 percent
how to diagnose osteoporosis
DEXA
blood test for mineral content
how to diagnose osteomyelitis
-blood culture for microorganisms
-x-rays ,bone scan, MRI
-bone biopsy
-physical exam
how to diagnose osteoarthritis
-physical exam and thorough medical history
-x-rays(bone scan and MRI)
how to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
-rheumatoid factor blood test
-ESR, CBC
-synovial fluid analysis
-x-ray
how to diagnose gout
urinalysis(reveals hyperuremia)
-ESR
-x-rays and physical exam
-identify urate crystals in joint fluid
how to diagnose myasthenia gravis
-neurological exam
-electromyography
-MRI or CT scan
how to diagnose systemic lupus erythmatosus
-CBC, ESR
-Anti Nuclear Antibody test
-Leukocytes in bone marrow
how to diagnose fibromyalgia
-often misdiagnosed
treatments for fibromyalgia
-pain meds
-antidepressants
-physical therapy
treatments for systemic lupus erythmatosus
-anti inflammatory
-corticosteroids
treatments for myasthenia gravis
-thymectomy
-corticosteroids
-anticholinesterase drug
treatment for gout
-pain meds
-corticosteroids
-bed rest
-local heat or ice
-proper diet and fluids
treatments for rheumatoid arthritis
-anti inflammatory
-corticosteroids
-surgery for advanced RA
treatments for osteoarthritis
-anti inflammatory
-local heat
-physical therapy
-physical activity restriction
treatment for osteomyelitis
-antibiotics
-analgesics
-tissue bone grafts
treatments for osteoporosis
-increase in calcium, phosphate, and multivitamins
-exercise
disease with symptoms:
fractures and lower back pain
osteoporosis
disease with symptoms:
-sudden onset of fever, chills, malaise, sweating, pain, swelling over affected bone, fatigue
osteomyelitis
symptoms:
-deep aching joint pain
-stress and swelling, especially in morning
-crepitation
osteoarthritis
symptoms:
early: malaise, low grade fever, fatigue, weight loss
later: joint pain and stiffness
rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms:
-sudden onset of joint pain(big toes)
-hyperuricemia
-tophi
-renal dysfunction
gout/gout arthritis
symptoms:
skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability
-blepharoptosis
-dysphagia
-respiratory distress
-double vision
myasthenia gravis
symptoms:
-butterfly rash
-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-muscle problems
-weight loss
-fever
-fatigue
systemic lupus erythematosus
recurring headache characterized by intense pain, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting
migraine headache
brain collides with inside of skull
traumatic brain injury
temporary episodes of impaired neurological activity resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of brain
transient ischemic attacks
sudden impairment of consciousness and subsequent paralysis
cerebrovascular accident
chronic brain disorder with recurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, and psychological activity
epilespy
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
progressive, chronical, ultimately fatal brain syndrome with death of neurons in cerebral cortex
Alzheimer disease
chronic brain disease with progressive muscle rigidity and involuntary tremors
Parkinson disease
chronic, progressive, and irreversible autoimmune disease with destruction of myelin
multiple sclerosis
1st change in vision, then muscle weakness, paralysis, fatigue, numbness
multiple sclerosis
symptoms:
bradykinesia, rigid extremities, tremors, balance issues, shuffling walk, muffled speech, stress, fatigue, anxiety
parkinson disease
symptoms:
progressive memory loss, depression, agitation and irritability, emotional detachment, sleep disturbances, deterioration of intellectual ability and physical activity
alzheimer’s disease
symptoms:
severe headache, fever, vomiting nuchal rigidity, drowsiness, seizure, purple rash
meningitis
symptoms:
uncontrollable twitch of fingers, hand and mouth, dizzy, sudden loss of consciousness, intense rigidity of body, chewing of tounge
epilepsy
symptoms:
face droop, arms raise and one drifts, slurred speech, slow pulse, cheyne-stokes respiration numbness
cerebrovascular accident
symptoms:
depends on portion of brain affected,
sudden muscle weakness, speech deficits, confusion, mental weakness
transient ischemic attacks
symptoms:
brief unconsciousness, amnesia, headache, confusion, blurred vision, ringing in ears, convulsions and seizures, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech
traumatic brain injury
symptoms:
before: photophobia, tinnitus, aura
during: nausea, vomiting, photophobia
migraine headache
medical diagnosis of migraine headache
-history
-MRI or CT Scan
medical diagnosis for traumatic brain injury
-CT and MRI immediately
-Glasgow’s Coma scale for severity
treatment for migraine headache
-specific migraine meds
-preventatives
-beta blocker
treatment for traumatic brain injury
-Mild: rest and mild analgesics
-Severe: medical emergency hospitalization
medical diagnosis for transient ischemic attacks
-physical and neurological exam
-carotid ultrasound
-cranial CT and MRI
medical diagnosis for Cerebrovascular accident
-medical history and physical exam
-angiogram
-transcranial doppler
treatment for transient ischemic attacks
-depends on brain portion
-antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants drugs
-surgery
treatment for cerebrovascular accident
-anticoagulant, antiplatelet agents
-surgery and physical rehab
medical diagnosis for epilepsy
-medical history
-electroencephalogram
-cranial CT and MRI
medical diagnosis for meningitis
-thorough medical history and physical exam
- blood/urine/throat culture to find infectious agent
-lumbar puncture for CSF, elevated leukocytes and presence of bacteria
treatments for epilepsy
-anticonvulsant drugs
-neurosurgery for severe cases
medical diagnosis for Alzheimer disease
-mental and function history and physical exam
-cranial CT and MRI
-PET Scan
-depression scale
medical diagnosis for parkinson disease
-physical and neurological exam
treatments for alzheimer disease
-cholinesterase inhibitors
treatments for parkinson’s disease
levodopa
-anticholinergics
-physical therapy
-invasive techniques
medical diagnosis for multiple sclerosis
-difficult to diagnose
-neurological exam
-eye exam
-CFS analysis
-cranial CT and MRI
treatment for multiple sclerosis
-muscle relaxants
-rehab
-corticosteroids
-physiological therapy
what causes migraine headaches?
changes in cerebral blood flow(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
who is affected by migraines
women 2x as much as men
causes of traumatic brain injury
violent trauma events, cerebral concussion, cerebral contusion
cause of transient ischemic attacks
temporary obstruction of cerebral arterioles by small emboli
causes of cerebrovascular accident
hypertension, smoking, lack of exercise, high fat diet, diabetes
FAST
Face, Arms, speech, time
causes of epilepsy
mostly idiopathic, birth trauma, congenital malformations, fever, CVA, CNS infections
acute inflammation of the lower respiratory tract
pneumonia
potentially dangerous sleep disorder where breathing is repeatedly stopping and starting
sleep apnea
high blood pressure that affects the lungs
pulmonary hypertension
lung disease characterized by chronic oqbstruction of lung
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
inflammatory disorder of air ways that causes recurrent spasms in bronchi of lungs
asthma
malignant neoplasms in trachea, bronchi, or alveoli
lung cancer
progressive, genetic disease, causes persistent lung infections and limits ability to breath over time
cystic fibrosis
what causes pneumonia?
microorganism(streptococcus pneumoniae and hemophilius influenzae)
symptoms: coughing, sputum production, rales, chest pain, fever and chills
pneumonia
symptoms:
loud snoring, hypersomnia, SOB, morning headaches, dry mouth sore throat, insomnia
sleep apnea
symptoms:
asymptomatic for a long time followed by dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, edema, cyanosis, syncope
pulmonary hypertension
symptoms:
Sob with mild exercise, wheezing, chest tightness, fatigue, frequent colds and flu
later: dyspnea, chronic cough, cyanosis. ,mucus production, swelling of feet/ankles/legs)
COPD
medical diagnosis for pneumonia
-medical history and physical exam
-chest x-ray
-sputum smear and blood cultures
treatments for pneumonia
-antibiotics/antifungal
-oxygen therapy
-analgesics
-increased fluid intake and bed rest
-chest physiotherapy and postural drainage
medical diagnosis for sleep apnea
-sleep study
-pulse oximetry
treatments for sleep apnea
-O2 therapy
-surgery
medical diagnosis for pulmonary hypertension
-transesophageal echocardiogram
-pulmonary function test
-CF scan
treatments for pulmonary hypertension
-depends on who classification
-vasodilators, anticoagulants, diuretics, oxygen therapy, calcium channel blockers, endothelium receptor
medical diagnosis for COPD
-pulmonary function tests
-chest x-ray
-arterial blood gases
-sputum analysis
medical diagnosis for asthma
-physical exam
-chest x-ray
-pulmonary function tests
-blood tests
symptoms:
coughing, pronounced wheezing, dyspnea/tachypnea, chest tightness, pallor
asthma
treatments for asthma
-bronchodilator’s, oxygen therapy, inhaled corticosteroids
symptoms:
early: no symptoms
later: cough, hoarseness, weight loss, wheezing, chest pain, dyspnea, hemopytosis
lung cancer
medical diagnosis for lung cancer
-chest x-ray or CT
-sputum cytology test
-bronchoscopy
-tissue biopsy
treatment for lung cancer
-chemotherapy, surgery, radio therapy
symptoms:
wheezy respiration, dry cough, tachypnea, dyspnea, lung infection, constipation, electrolyte imbalance, inability to absorb fats, pancreatic insufficiency
cystic fibrosis
medical diagnosis for cystic fibrosis
-sweat test
-DNA test
-Chest x-ray
-pulmonary function test
treatment for cystic fibrosis
antibiotic, bronchodilators, mucus thinning drugs, anti inflammatories
