Test 2 Cytokines Flashcards
Cytokines
- Soluble proteins secreted primarily by white blood cells
- Small molecular weight proteins
- Weakly immunogenic
IFNs
- interferons
- secreted by leukocytes
- alpha, beta, gamma
ILs
- interleukins
- secreted by leukocytes
- IL2 and IL11 are used therapeutically
- IL1 can be dangerous in significant amounts
Growth factors
proteins that activate cell proliferation and differentiation
Chemokines
- protein with chemotactic activity
- IL8; not yet used therapeutically
chemotactic
attracts neutrophils to the site
Pleiotropy
one cytokine targeting several cells / has several functions
Redundancy
multiple cytokines target the same cell and have similar function
autocrine
- the cell that releases the cytokine can be a target for the cytokine
paracrine
- cell releases cytokine and it acts on another cell / target
special handling of cytokines
- do not refrigerate, heat, or shake
- must be administered IV bolus
IL2
for renal cell cancer and melanoma
IL11
for thrombocytopenia
How can we improve formulation and dosing of cytokines?
- PEG
- Pegylation lengthens the circulatory half life and improves stability.
IL 2 MOA
- promote growth of NK cells
- generate lymphokine activator killer cells
- can also induce generation / proliferation of normal T cells from hemotopoietic stem cells so we have more T cells in our body
- sustain growth of activated T cells
lymphokine activator killer (LAK) cells
- do not require antigen-presentation step
- not MHC restricted
side effects of IL 2
- pain
- accumulation of fluids
- accumulation of these cells -> transient condition of inflammation
IL 11 MOA
- stimulates
proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells - induces maturation of megakaryocytes, increasing platelet production
Anakinra
- Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
- used in RA
- binds to IL 1 beta receptor; does not allow IL-1 beta to bind and cause inflammation
Enbrel / Entanercept
- used for RA
- binds to TNF-alpha and helps reduce inflammation
Interferons (IFNs)
secreted by leukocytes and several immune cells in response to infections, tumors, and other inducers
IFN alpha
- Type I interaction
- antiviral and / or antineoplastic
- hep C
IFN beta
- Type I interaction
- MS
IFN gamma
- Type II interaction
- reducing risk of infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease
IFN alpha MOA
produce proteins that will stop proliferation of new viral particles
IFN beta MOA
- stops production of T cells
- does not allow crossing of BBB
- suppresses inflammation
IFN gamma MOA
- induces phagocytosis an clearance of pathogen by inducing a superoxide environment
