test 2 chapter 14 crowd behaviour/attraction & love

Question 1

what is an attribution?

Answer 1

judgements about causes of our own and other people’s behaviour and outcomes (explaining the causes of behaviour)

Question 2

what is a situational (external) attribution?

Answer 2

aspects of situations causing behaviour

Question 3

what is a personal (internal) attribution?

Answer 3

a person’s behaviour caused by their characteristics

Question 4

what is a fundamental attribution error?

Answer 4

tendency for people to place an emphasis on internal characteristics for behaviour rather than situational

Question 5

what is a self serving bias?

Answer 5

making more internal attributions for your successes and more situational attributions for failures

Question 6

what is a self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 6

expectations affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behaviours that confirm expectations

Question 7

in terms of attributional biases in culture, what is individualistic cultures?

Answer 7

more personal attributions, more likely to engage in self serving bias

Question 8

what is collectivist cultures?

Answer 8

more complex, holistic views of behavioural causes, less likely to engage in self serving bias - east asians

Question 9

what are attitudes?

Answer 9

positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus - supported by personal beliefs and values

Question 10

when do attitudes have a greater influence?

Answer 10

attitudes have greater influence when they are consistent with subjective norms

Question 11

what are subjective norms?

Answer 11

the perception of what you think other people expect you to do

Question 12

what is norm of reciprocity?

Answer 12

expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind

Question 13

what is door in the face technique?

Answer 13

persuader makes large request, expectation of refusal, persuader makes smaller request

Question 14

what is the foot in the door technique?

Answer 14

persuader obtains compliance with a small request, later presents larger request

Question 15

what is low balling?

Answer 15

persuader gets person to commit to some action, before action is performed persuader increases cost of action

Question 16

festinger (1957) proposed that….

Answer 16

people are motivated to maintain consistency in their attitudes and behaviours

Question 17

what is dissonant arousal?

Answer 17

when people are inconsistent -unpleasant physiological arousal, subjective feeling of psychological discomfort

Question 18

what are the 2 main dissonance reduction strategies?

Answer 18

1) change their attitudes to be more consistent with their behaviour
2) minimize the importance of the discrepant cognition (trivialization)

Question 19

what are social roles?

Answer 19

consistent set of norms that characterize how people in a social position ought to behave

Question 20

norms and roles can cause

Answer 20

uncharacteristic behaviour

Question 21

what is conformity?

Answer 21

adjustment of behaviour/attitude to a group standard

Question 22

what is informational social influence of conformity?

Answer 22

conformity because we believe others have accurate knowledge and are right

Question 23

what is normative social influence of conformity?

Answer 23

conforming to obtain rewards, avoid rejection

Question 24

the presence of someone who disagrees with a group…

Answer 24

reduces conformity

Question 25

gendered door signs are an example of..

Answer 25

conformity

Question 26

the holocaust was an example of

Answer 26

obedience to authority

Question 27

what is deindividuation?

Answer 27

the loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited (lack of restraint, disregard for social conventions)

Question 28

why is anonymity a key factor in deindividuation?

Answer 28

people are more likely to partake in potentially socially unacceptable behaviours if they are anonymous

Question 29

what is social loafing?

Answer 29

when efforts are pooled, individuals often slack off ex: rope pulling task - adding more people = less individual pulling

Question 30

when is social loafing most likely?

Answer 30

when individuals don’t think they are being watched, the task is not important, the group is not valued, the task is simple, and individual is tired or all participants are male

Question 31

what are three features that promote the development of relationships?

Answer 31

proximity (repeated exposure to a simulus), repeated unplanned interation, a setting that encourages confiding in one another

Question 32

similarity often leads to _____ _____?

Answer 32

interpersonal attraction

Question 33

what is the matching effect?

Answer 33

people tend to end up in relationships with people of similar attractiveness, most people prefer physically attractive partners

Question 34

what are the top 3 ideal mate preferences for men and women?

Answer 34

mutual attraction, dependability, emotional stability

Question 35

what does the triangular theory of love consist of?

Answer 35

liking (intimacy alone), romantic love (intimacy and passion),

companionate love (intimacy and commitment),

empty love (commitment alone),

fatuous love (passion and commitment)

Infatuation (passion alone)

Question 36

what is kin selection?

Answer 36

a theory of altruism; evolutionary favoring of genes that causes individuals to help their relatives

Question 37

what is reciprocal altruism?

Answer 37

a theory of altruism; helping others and hoping they will help is back in the future

Question 38

what is social exchange theory?

Answer 38

helping when the benefits to ourselves is greater than the costs

Question 39

what is empathy altruism hypothesis?

Answer 39

people help others only when feeling empathetic toward them

Question 40

what is prejudice?

Answer 40

a negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group (prejudging people)

Question 41

what is discrimination?

Answer 41

treating people unfairly because they belong to a specific group

Question 42

what is a stereotype?

Answer 42

a widely held , over simplified idea of a particular type of person

Question 43

what is realistic conflict theory?

Answer 43

a root of prejudice; competition for resources fosters prejudice - cooperation toward goal = less prejudice

Question 44

what is social identity theory?

Answer 44

a root of prejudice; prejudice emerges as a need to improve our own self esteem