test 2 chapter 14 crowd behaviour/attraction & love Flashcards
what is an attribution?
judgements about causes of our own and other people’s behaviour and outcomes (explaining the causes of behaviour)
what is a situational (external) attribution?
aspects of situations causing behaviour
what is a personal (internal) attribution?
a person’s behaviour caused by their characteristics
what is a fundamental attribution error?
tendency for people to place an emphasis on internal characteristics for behaviour rather than situational
what is a self serving bias?
making more internal attributions for your successes and more situational attributions for failures
what is a self fulfilling prophecy?
expectations affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behaviours that confirm expectations
in terms of attributional biases in culture, what is individualistic cultures?
more personal attributions, more likely to engage in self serving bias
what is collectivist cultures?
more complex, holistic views of behavioural causes, less likely to engage in self serving bias - east asians
what are attitudes?
positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus - supported by personal beliefs and values
when do attitudes have a greater influence?
attitudes have greater influence when they are consistent with subjective norms
what are subjective norms?
the perception of what you think other people expect you to do
what is norm of reciprocity?
expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind
what is door in the face technique?
persuader makes large request, expectation of refusal, persuader makes smaller request
what is the foot in the door technique?
persuader obtains compliance with a small request, later presents larger request
what is low balling?
persuader gets person to commit to some action, before action is performed persuader increases cost of action
festinger (1957) proposed that….
people are motivated to maintain consistency in their attitudes and behaviours
what is dissonant arousal?
when people are inconsistent -unpleasant physiological arousal, subjective feeling of psychological discomfort
what are the 2 main dissonance reduction strategies?
1) change their attitudes to be more consistent with their behaviour
2) minimize the importance of the discrepant cognition (trivialization)
what are social roles?
consistent set of norms that characterize how people in a social position ought to behave
norms and roles can cause
uncharacteristic behaviour
what is conformity?
adjustment of behaviour/attitude to a group standard
what is informational social influence of conformity?
conformity because we believe others have accurate knowledge and are right
what is normative social influence of conformity?
conforming to obtain rewards, avoid rejection
the presence of someone who disagrees with a group…
reduces conformity
gendered door signs are an example of..
conformity
the holocaust was an example of
obedience to authority
what is deindividuation?
the loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited (lack of restraint, disregard for social conventions)
why is anonymity a key factor in deindividuation?
people are more likely to partake in potentially socially unacceptable behaviours if they are anonymous
what is social loafing?
when efforts are pooled, individuals often slack off ex: rope pulling task - adding more people = less individual pulling
when is social loafing most likely?
when individuals don’t think they are being watched, the task is not important, the group is not valued, the task is simple, and individual is tired or all participants are male
what are three features that promote the development of relationships?
proximity (repeated exposure to a simulus), repeated unplanned interation, a setting that encourages confiding in one another
similarity often leads to _____ _____?
interpersonal attraction
what is the matching effect?
people tend to end up in relationships with people of similar attractiveness, most people prefer physically attractive partners
what are the top 3 ideal mate preferences for men and women?
mutual attraction, dependability, emotional stability
what does the triangular theory of love consist of?
liking (intimacy alone), romantic love (intimacy and passion),
companionate love (intimacy and commitment),
empty love (commitment alone),
fatuous love (passion and commitment)
Infatuation (passion alone)
what is kin selection?
a theory of altruism; evolutionary favoring of genes that causes individuals to help their relatives
what is reciprocal altruism?
a theory of altruism; helping others and hoping they will help is back in the future
what is social exchange theory?
helping when the benefits to ourselves is greater than the costs
what is empathy altruism hypothesis?
people help others only when feeling empathetic toward them
what is prejudice?
a negative attitude toward people based on their membership in a group (prejudging people)
what is discrimination?
treating people unfairly because they belong to a specific group
what is a stereotype?
a widely held , over simplified idea of a particular type of person
what is realistic conflict theory?
a root of prejudice; competition for resources fosters prejudice - cooperation toward goal = less prejudice
what is social identity theory?
a root of prejudice; prejudice emerges as a need to improve our own self esteem
