test 2 chapter 13 personality Flashcards
what is personality?
the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a person’s responses in life
in freud’s model of personality, what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
1) conscious - awareness of environment
2) preconscious - available to awareness (names, phone numbers)
3) unconscious - unavailable to awareness (repressed memories)
in freud’s model of personality, what is superego?
a sense of mortality - values of what is right or wrong - unconscious
in freud’s model of personality, what is ego?
the conscious aspect of personality - balancing demands of id and superego
in freud’s model of personality, what is Id?
unconscious - pleasure principle
an overly impulsive person would have a large….
Id
what are defence mechanisms
maladaptive response when there is no way to satisfy the demands if Id and superego
what are the 8 defence mechanisms?
- repression (primary defence mechanism
- denial
- projection
- displacement
- intellectualization
- rationalization
- reaction formation
- sublimation
of defence mechanisms, what is sublimation?
the healthy option - a repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour
in defence mechanisms, what is projection?
when an unacceptable impulse is repressed and then attributed to other people ( drive by dairy queen, want some, judge weaklings there eating it)
in defence mechanisms, what is displacement?
when a potentially dangerous impulse is repressed, redirected at safer target (eat frozen yogurt at home instead of sundae at DQ)
in defence mechanisms, what is intellectualization?
emotion connected w upsetting event repressed, situation dealt w as an intellectually interesting event
in defence mechanisms what is rationalization
a person constructs a false but plausible explanation for behaviour (eat hot fudge sundae, say it will help migrant farmers who harvest cocoa)
in defence mechanisms what is reaction formation?
an anxiety arousing impulse is repressed, energy finds release in exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour (you judge local DQ bc they have no low fat options)
what is psychosexual development?
focuses on pleasure sensitive areas of body, with adult personality developing through these stages
what leads to fixation?
deprivations or overindulgences at any given stage can lead to fixation
what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
1) oral stage - 0-2 (mouth zone)
2) anal stage - 2-3 (anus)
3) phallic stage - 4-6 (genitals- resolving oedipal complex aka penis envy and castration anxiety)
4) latency stage - 7-puberty (social relationships)
5) genital stage - puberty onwards (genitals)
what are sample fixations?
1) anal-retentive: exhibiting tendency for excessive control over how things are done
2) oral fixation - obsession with oral stimulation, thought to be due to problem during weaning
what are archetypes
a collectively inherited unconscious idea present in individual psyches…myths (wise old man)
what was karen horneys theory?
3 personality types
3 types of people, either normal or neurotic with:
- Moving toward others
- Moving against others
- Moving away from otherswhat is psychoanalysis vs psychodynamic?
psychoanalysis was freud’s original theory (obsolete)
psychoanalysis are theories by other people that build on freud, but are different
what is unconditional positive regard?
to self actualize, people need to be loved and accepted by other people
what is conditions of worth?
believing that some aspects of our experience are deserving of love/praise, other are not. inhibits self actualization
what is self actualization?
The motivation to realize one’s own maximum potential and possibilities
what is congruence?
consistency between self perceptions and experience
what is the forer effect?
tendency of people to rate sets of statements as highly accurate for them personally even though the statements could apply to many people
what is the lexical hypothesis?
classifying words into similar groups to summarize human personality
what does the 5 factor model of personality consist of? (OCEAN)
1) openness
2) conscientiousness
3) extraversion
4) Agreeableness
5) Neuroticism
what is openness (to experience)?
self rated estimates of intelligence - how reflective, imaginative, artistic and refined a person is
what is conscientiousness?
being organized or disorganized, careful or careless, disciplined or impulsive - the personality trait of being thorough, careful, or vigilant
what is extraversion?
the tendency to experience positive affect (tendency to be socially dominant - sociable or reserved)
what is agreeableness?
valuing getting along with others - pro-social, easily taken advantage of
what is neuroticism?
the tendency to experience negative affect (calm vs anxious,secure vs insecure )
true or false: personality traits are relatively stable over time
true! however, there are some systematic changes that occur throughout life
what is narcissism?
a dark tetrad - characterized by being egotistical, attention seeking, having an inflated sense of self worth
what is machiavellianism?
purposely manipulating other people to further your own needs
what is psychopathy?
acting charmfing, shallow emotions, impulsive, antisocial
what is sadism?
deriving pleasure from inflicting pain on people
what is the QTL approach to genetics and personality?
looking for specific location of DNA on genes associated with particular behaviours
what is DRD4
“thrill” gene associated with impulsivity, longer the gene the more overactive the dopamine reward system
what is psychoticism?
delusional anti social behaviour
what is extroversion?
the quality of being outgoing and directing attention to things other than yourself - associated with under aroused brains seeking to maximize stimulation
what is introversion?
the act of directing one’s attention toward or getting gratification from one’s own interests, thoughts, and feelings - associated with over aroused brains seeking to minimize stimulation
according to Eysenck, extraverts have a ____ nervous system and introverts have a ____ nervous system
extraverts = strong nervous system introverts = weak nervous system
the behavioural approach system of extraversion
responsible for motivation to achieve positive emotions - positive reinforcement
behavioural inhibition system approach of neuroticism
responsible for motivation to avoid threats - punishment - amygdala plays key role
why do introverts drool more than extroverts?
salivation is an indirect measure of physiological arousal - introverts have a higher baseline level of arousal
what is reciprocal determinism?
personality, environment and behaviour all influence one another - causation is not simply one way
what is walter mischels social cognitive learning theory?
peoples personality traits are not consistent for all situations, but are consistent per situation
what is the fundamental postulate (George Kelly’s Theory)
a persons processes are psychologically dealt with based on the way they anticipate an event
what is self monitoring?
a personality scale measuring the tendency to monitor ones behaviours and change behaviour to match a situation
high levels mean typically change behaviour to match situation
low levels mean act same in nearly all situations
what are the ways to measure personality?
behavioural observation, interviewing, projective tests, questionnaires
