test 2 chapter 11 motivation and emotion Flashcards
define motivation
the urge to move toward ones goals - accomplish tasks
what is a need?
an inherently biological state of deficiency that compel drives
what is drive (push)?
perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient of some need
what is incentive (pull)?
any external object or event that motivates behaviour
Oxygen is an example of ____, breathing is an example of____, and maintaining air supply is an example of ____ ____
Need, Drive, Motivated Behaviour
what is Maslow’s Hierarchy?
a pyramidal model starting from broadest to most fundamental higher order needs - primary needs must be met before higher order needs can be met
what are the steps of Maslow’s Hierarchy? (from broad to higher order)
Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self acctualization
what is self actualization?
a state of self fulfillment, psychological well being
what is esteem?
sense of self worth - confidence
water, food, sleep and sex are examples of ____ _____
physiological needs
what are the two motivations of the self determination theory?
1) extrinsic motivation
2) Intrinsic motivation
what is extrinsic motivation?
performing actions for external reinforcement or to avoid punishment (ex: do it for the money$$$)
what is intrinsic motivation?
self reinforcing experiences with no outside motivation or incentive needed (ex: going to the gym)
what about intrinsic motivation makes it important?
it is the energizing basis for natural organismic activity
what was the importance of Deci (1971) study - giving participants puzzles, magazines and pay/no pay?
external rewards may increase behaviour. but they often reduce intrinsic motivation, ultimately reducing well being and sense of purpose
what drives intrinsic motivation?
Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness
what is autonomy?
A driver of intrinsic motivation, feeling that one is free of external pressures and able to make choices freely
what is competence?
a driver of intrinsic motivation; taking on challenging tasks and experiencing a sense of mastery
what is relatedness?
a driver of intrinsic motivation; caring for others, satisfying involvement with the social world
what is stomach distension and does it evoke hunger?
stomach distension is an enlarging or ballooning effect; studies have shown that it is correlated with hunger pangs but hunger is still present when stomach is removed
Blood glucose levels show a drop and then rise in glucose, why is this?
the liver converts glycogen (stored energy) to glucose when we run out of food
what is the importance of neuropeptides Y (NPY), orexin, ghrelin….
they stimulate hunger
what is the importance of insulin, leptin, peptide YY…
they inhibit hunger
the following describe which hormone: produced by pancreas, transports glucose out of blood into cells, promotes satiety (fullness)
insulin
why would a leptin deficient mouse end up being fat?
leptin inhibits hunger, therefore a mouse without leptin would always feel hungry
what 2 lesions or stimulations can cause anorexia in mice?
Lateral hypothalamic lesions or Ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation
what 2 lesions or stimulations can cause obesity in mice?
Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions or lateral hypothalamic stimulation
what is the importance of the lateral hypothalamus area of the brain?
it is the hunger center
what is the importance of the ventromedial hypothalamus region of the brain?
it is the satiety (fullness) center
what are some motivations for sex?
reproduction, pleasure, love, peer pressure
when does sexual exploration typically begin?
around age 18
what is the meta analysis of sex?
men have more positive attitudes about casual sex
what is the parental investment theory?
cost of sex is much greater for women than men - pregnancy
what are the 4 physiological phases of sex?
excitement (vasocongestion), plateau, orgasm, resolution
during the resolution phase of sex, what happens to males?
arousal decreases and there is often a needed refractory period
in sexual assault cases, the majority of victims were assaulted by a ____ or an _____
stranger or an acquaintance - makes up nearly 60% of perpetrators
what is sex? what is gender?
sex is the biological and physical characteristics that define men and women; gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities given by society
what is gender identity?
your sense of your gender - how you identify
what is cisgendered?
when your biological sex matches your gender identity
what is intersex?
people who do not match the male or female type for the 5 factors that determine sex: 1)sex chromosomes 2)gonads 3) sex hormones 4)internal reproductive anatomy 5)external genitalia
what are emotions?
brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology - “I’m angry right now”
what is mood?
affective states that operate in the background of consciousness - “I’m in an irritable mood today”
what are affective traits?
stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses, such as anger - “I’m an angry person”
what are some basic emotions?
happy, sad, angry, fear
what are some self conscious emotions?
embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame
what are the 4 components of emotion?
cognitive, physiological, behavioural, subjective changes
what is an antecedent event?
a situation that may lead to an internal (anxiety) or external (fear) emotional response
what is the importance of cognitive appraisals?
they are involved in every aspect of emotion
what is the pathway of a rapid, unconscious emotional response?
sensory input -> thalamus -> amygdala
what is the pathway of the less rapid, conscious emotional response?
sensory input -> thalamus -> cortex
what are expressive behaviours?
a behavioural component; displays of emotion, can evoke empathy
what are instrumental behaviours?
a behavioural component; response to situation, achieve some goal (ie: coping)
what are fundamental emotional patterns?
expression of certain emotions, similar across variety of cultures
- children blind from birth express basic emotions as sighted children do
what are cultural display rules?
learned norms or rules about when, and to whom, it is appropriate to express certain emotions
what is the subjective experience of emotion?
the changes in quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses
what are the three proposed theories of emotion?
1) James-Lange somatic theory
2) Canon-Bard theory
3) Cognitive Affective theories
what is the James-Lange somatic theory of emotion?
Body informs mind, physiological reaction determines emotions
what is the Cannon Bard theory?
Cognition is involved, stimuli - thalamus - cortex - emotion
what is the facial feedback hypothesis?
muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experience
Low arousal is good for which kind of tasks?
complex tasks
moderate arousal is good for which kind of tasks?
intermediate tasks
high arousal is good for which kind of task?
simple tasks
