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Psych 1012 > test 2 chapter 11 motivation and emotion > Flashcards

test 2 chapter 11 motivation and emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

define motivation

A

the urge to move toward ones goals - accomplish tasks

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2
Q

what is a need?

A

an inherently biological state of deficiency that compel drives

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3
Q

what is drive (push)?

A

perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient of some need

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4
Q

what is incentive (pull)?

A

any external object or event that motivates behaviour

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5
Q

Oxygen is an example of ____, breathing is an example of____, and maintaining air supply is an example of ____ ____

A

Need, Drive, Motivated Behaviour

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6
Q

what is Maslow’s Hierarchy?

A

a pyramidal model starting from broadest to most fundamental higher order needs - primary needs must be met before higher order needs can be met

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7
Q

what are the steps of Maslow’s Hierarchy? (from broad to higher order)

A

Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self acctualization

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8
Q

what is self actualization?

A

a state of self fulfillment, psychological well being

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9
Q

what is esteem?

A

sense of self worth - confidence

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10
Q

water, food, sleep and sex are examples of ____ _____

A

physiological needs

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11
Q

what are the two motivations of the self determination theory?

A

1) extrinsic motivation

2) Intrinsic motivation

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12
Q

what is extrinsic motivation?

A

performing actions for external reinforcement or to avoid punishment (ex: do it for the money$$$)

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13
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A

self reinforcing experiences with no outside motivation or incentive needed (ex: going to the gym)

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14
Q

what about intrinsic motivation makes it important?

A

it is the energizing basis for natural organismic activity

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15
Q

what was the importance of Deci (1971) study - giving participants puzzles, magazines and pay/no pay?

A

external rewards may increase behaviour. but they often reduce intrinsic motivation, ultimately reducing well being and sense of purpose

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16
Q

what drives intrinsic motivation?

A

Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness

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17
Q

what is autonomy?

A

A driver of intrinsic motivation, feeling that one is free of external pressures and able to make choices freely

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18
Q

what is competence?

A

a driver of intrinsic motivation; taking on challenging tasks and experiencing a sense of mastery

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19
Q

what is relatedness?

A

a driver of intrinsic motivation; caring for others, satisfying involvement with the social world

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20
Q

what is stomach distension and does it evoke hunger?

A

stomach distension is an enlarging or ballooning effect; studies have shown that it is correlated with hunger pangs but hunger is still present when stomach is removed

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21
Q

Blood glucose levels show a drop and then rise in glucose, why is this?

A

the liver converts glycogen (stored energy) to glucose when we run out of food

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22
Q

what is the importance of neuropeptides Y (NPY), orexin, ghrelin….

A

they stimulate hunger

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23
Q

what is the importance of insulin, leptin, peptide YY…

A

they inhibit hunger

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24
Q

the following describe which hormone: produced by pancreas, transports glucose out of blood into cells, promotes satiety (fullness)

A

insulin

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25
Q

why would a leptin deficient mouse end up being fat?

A

leptin inhibits hunger, therefore a mouse without leptin would always feel hungry

26
Q

what 2 lesions or stimulations can cause anorexia in mice?

A

Lateral hypothalamic lesions or Ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation

27
Q

what 2 lesions or stimulations can cause obesity in mice?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions or lateral hypothalamic stimulation

28
Q

what is the importance of the lateral hypothalamus area of the brain?

A

it is the hunger center

29
Q

what is the importance of the ventromedial hypothalamus region of the brain?

A

it is the satiety (fullness) center

30
Q

what are some motivations for sex?

A

reproduction, pleasure, love, peer pressure

31
Q

when does sexual exploration typically begin?

A

around age 18

32
Q

what is the meta analysis of sex?

A

men have more positive attitudes about casual sex

33
Q

what is the parental investment theory?

A

cost of sex is much greater for women than men - pregnancy

34
Q

what are the 4 physiological phases of sex?

A

excitement (vasocongestion), plateau, orgasm, resolution

35
Q

during the resolution phase of sex, what happens to males?

A

arousal decreases and there is often a needed refractory period

36
Q

in sexual assault cases, the majority of victims were assaulted by a ____ or an _____

A

stranger or an acquaintance - makes up nearly 60% of perpetrators

37
Q

what is sex? what is gender?

A

sex is the biological and physical characteristics that define men and women; gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities given by society

38
Q

what is gender identity?

A

your sense of your gender - how you identify

39
Q

what is cisgendered?

A

when your biological sex matches your gender identity

40
Q

what is intersex?

A

people who do not match the male or female type for the 5 factors that determine sex: 1)sex chromosomes 2)gonads 3) sex hormones 4)internal reproductive anatomy 5)external genitalia

41
Q

what are emotions?

A

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology - “I’m angry right now”

42
Q

what is mood?

A

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness - “I’m in an irritable mood today”

43
Q

what are affective traits?

A

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses, such as anger - “I’m an angry person”

44
Q

what are some basic emotions?

A

happy, sad, angry, fear

45
Q

what are some self conscious emotions?

A

embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame

46
Q

what are the 4 components of emotion?

A

cognitive, physiological, behavioural, subjective changes

47
Q

what is an antecedent event?

A

a situation that may lead to an internal (anxiety) or external (fear) emotional response

48
Q

what is the importance of cognitive appraisals?

A

they are involved in every aspect of emotion

49
Q

what is the pathway of a rapid, unconscious emotional response?

A

sensory input -> thalamus -> amygdala

50
Q

what is the pathway of the less rapid, conscious emotional response?

A

sensory input -> thalamus -> cortex

51
Q

what are expressive behaviours?

A

a behavioural component; displays of emotion, can evoke empathy

52
Q

what are instrumental behaviours?

A

a behavioural component; response to situation, achieve some goal (ie: coping)

53
Q

what are fundamental emotional patterns?

A

expression of certain emotions, similar across variety of cultures
- children blind from birth express basic emotions as sighted children do

54
Q

what are cultural display rules?

A

learned norms or rules about when, and to whom, it is appropriate to express certain emotions

55
Q

what is the subjective experience of emotion?

A

the changes in quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

56
Q

what are the three proposed theories of emotion?

A

1) James-Lange somatic theory
2) Canon-Bard theory
3) Cognitive Affective theories

57
Q

what is the James-Lange somatic theory of emotion?

A

Body informs mind, physiological reaction determines emotions

58
Q

what is the Cannon Bard theory?

A

Cognition is involved, stimuli - thalamus - cortex - emotion

59
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experience

60
Q

Low arousal is good for which kind of tasks?

A

complex tasks

61
Q

moderate arousal is good for which kind of tasks?

A

intermediate tasks

62
Q

high arousal is good for which kind of task?

A

simple tasks

Psych 1012 (9 decks)

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