Chapter 8 - language

Question 1

what are the components, in order, of language?

Answer 1

1) phonemes - smallest sound of language
2) morphemes - smallest meaning in language
3) words
4) phrases
5) sentences

Question 2

what is syntax?

Answer 2

rules for arranging words/symbols in a sentence

Question 3

what is grammar?

Answer 3

rules for combining symbols and sounds

Question 4

what is protolanguage?

Answer 4

early language used by earlier species of homo

Question 5

what is cooing?

Answer 5

the first stage of language development, first six months, pronouncing vowels

Question 6

what is babbling?

Answer 6

second stage of language development - experimentation with phonemes - consonants

Question 7

when do one word utterances (similar to protolanguage) begin?

Answer 7

12 months

Question 8

when do 2 word utterances begin?

Answer 8

18 months

Question 9

when do the formation of sentences begin?

Answer 9

2.5-3 years

Question 10

what is the sensitive period?

Answer 10

period that if children are not exposed to language before a certain age their language abilities never fully develop - 12 years

Question 11

what is child directed speech characterized by?

Answer 11

higher pitch, changes in volume, use of simpler sentences, use of emotion, emphasis on certain words

Question 12

early on, babies can perceive all sound contrasts… by age 1___

Answer 12

they perceive only sound contrasts that are phenomes in their native language

Question 13

what are the the theories of language acquisition?

Answer 13

1) socio-cultural
2) conditioning and learning
3) nativist theory?

Question 14

what is conditioning theory?

Answer 14

reinforcement and shaping - ex: child gets more attention if saying “mama” than “baba”

Question 15

what is nativist theory?

Answer 15

we discover language rather than learn it - it is inborn

Question 16

what is Language acquisition device (LAD)?

Answer 16

innate biologically based capacity to acquire language

Question 17

chimps do not have what that allows them to speak?

Answer 17

a vocal apparatus

Question 18

what is linguistic determinism?

Answer 18

language determines our thinking and perception of the world

Question 19

what is linguistic relativism?

Answer 19

language influences the way we think

Question 20

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 20

science of how people think, learn remember and perceive

Question 21

what is mental representation?

Answer 21

a structure in our mind (such as an image) that stands for something else such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future not the present

Question 22

what is visual representation?

Answer 22

thinking in images

Question 23

what is visual imagery?

Answer 23

visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present - ie sports and music..activates brain as if doing activity

Question 24

what s mental rotation?

Answer 24

imagining an object turning in 3D space - men better than women

Question 25

in terms of verbal representation, what is concept?

Answer 25

mental grouping of objects, events, or people

Question 26

which two ways can concepts be organized? define them

Answer 26

1) concept hierarchy - arrangement of related concepts general to specific
2) parallel distributive processing (PDP) - associations create networks, strength varies by association

Question 27

what is inductive reasoning?

Answer 27

specific evidence to general conclusions

Question 28

what is deductive reasoning?

Answer 28

general statements to specific conclusions

Question 29

what are heuristics?

Answer 29

mental shortcuts used to make decisions and judgements

Question 30

what is a representative heuristic?

Answer 30

strategy used to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event ex: assuming new professor will act one way based on how other professors have acted

Question 31

what is an availability heuristic?

Answer 31

decision making strategy based on how easily estimates come to mind or their availability to awareness ex: saying won’t fly in airplanes because recently saw news about crash even though its safer than flying

Question 32

what is the conjunction fallacy?

Answer 32

when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone

Question 33

after what age does learning a new language become more difficult?

Answer 33

7

Question 34

what is additive bilingualism?

Answer 34

adding a second language to original (ex: french emersion)

Question 35

what is subtractive bilingualism?

Answer 35

when adding a language takes away from the first - seen in minorities