chapter 10 - human development Flashcards
what is a cross sectional design
a research design in which different people of various ages are studied at one point in time to find age related differences
what is a longitudinal design
research design in which the same people are studied over time at various ages to find age related changes
what is a longitudinal sequential design?
a research design in which two or more age groups of people are studied repeatedly over time
what is the first stage of prenatal development?
germinal stage
when does the germinal stage begin/last?
begins at conception, lasts two weeks
what is the second stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?
embryonic stage - 2-8 weeks after conception - when all major organs form
What is the third and final stage of prenatal development and how long does it last?
fetal stage - begins w formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at brith
what is neural migration/when does it occur?
the movement of neurons from fetal brain to more permanent destination - 3-5 months of fetal stage
developmental psychologists study changes in
physical, cognitive, social-emotional domains
in the nervous system, migration leads to…
functionality
what are teratogens?
substances that can disrupt prenatal development ex: thalidomide ex: fetal alcohol
In teratogens, when do they typically cause the most damage?
earlier exposure means stronger effects, except in germinal stage when baby is not yet connected to mother
when does vision develop
mostly after birth
what is preferential looking?
research technique used to test an infants perceptual abilities by measuring which stimulus an infant gazes at longest
what are the 2 major principles of early motor development?
1) cephalocaudal
2) proximodistal
what is the cephalocaudal principle?
kids tend to gain control over their heads before their arms or feed
what is the proximodistal principle?
developing begins inner and moves outward…eventually gaining control of digits, fingers
what is a U shaped development reflex
refelxes that drop out after 6 weeks and return later in life as a voluntary action ex: stepping movements
what is the habituation dishabituation paradigm
research method used to test babies abilities to discriminate between and new and familiar stimulus
what is habituation
decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus
according to piaget, what is assimilation
incorporate new info into existing schema - seeing world from own point of view
according to piaget, what is accommodation?
changing existing schemas to incorporate new info - changing point of view
How long is the sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
what is the sensorimotor stage?
piagets first stage when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies
what is object permanence and according to piaget when does it begin
object permanence is the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed - age 9-12 months
What is the preoperational stage and how long does it last
the second major stage of cognitive development - begins with symbolic thought - age 2-7 years ex: pretend play
what is animistic thinking?
thinking inanimate objects are alive
what is egocentrism
tendency to view world from ones own point of view - including theory of mind
what is theory of mind
ideas and knowledge about how other peoples minds work - develops age 5-6
what is conservation?
ability to recognize that properties of an object stay the same when appearance is altered
What is the concrete operational stage?
age 7-12, difficulty with abstract ideas (hypotheses) can solve conservational tasks, mental operations
what is the formal operational stage?
age 12 and up, reasoning of abstract concepts possible
vygotsky - what is the zone of proximal development?
range of tasks too difficult for a child to perform alone but possible with the help of adults/more skilled peers
what is behavioural moral development?
learning through reinforcement/punishment
what is piagets moral development?
a cognitive process
what is Kohlbergs moral development?
mix of vygotsky and piaget
Kohlbergs stage model consists of which 3 levels?
1) Preconventional 2) conventional 3) postconventional
what is Kohlbergs preconventional stage?
avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
what is kohlbergs conventional stage?
person values caring, trust, relationships and the social order/lawfulness
what is kohlbergs postconventional stage?
person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust local rules
which of Kohlbergs levels has a cultural bias?
post conventional
what is imprinting?
sudden biological primed form of attachment
what is attachment?
strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers
according to bowlby, infants show specific attachment to parents around what age?
7-8 months
around 7-8 months, what anxieties do infants show?
separation and stranger anxiety
what/when is a goal directed partnership?
3-4 years, relationship regardless of parental presence
what are the 3 attachment patterns?
1) secure attachment
2) anxious resistant (insecure)
3) anxious avoidant (insecure)
what is secure attachment?
infants gradually explore new situations when caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation
what is anxious resistant attachment?
infants have difficulty being comforted
what is anxious avoidant attachment?
absence of stress during separation, no clear attachment
what are the different kinds of temperament?
1) easy - predictable, happy, adaptable
2) difficult - unpredictable, unhappy, less adaptable
3) slow to warm up - slightly irregular, slightly strong initial responses
what are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglecting
what is the authoritative parenting style?
demanding but caring - best
what is authoritarian parenting style?
assertion of parental power without warmth
what is indulgent parenting style?
warm toward child, lax on rules
what is neglecting parental care?
indifferent, uninvolved with child - worst, leads to insecure attachment
what is adolescence?
transition between childhood and adulthood
early adulthood emerges between age?
18-25
middle adulthood (25-40) involves the loss of?
some hearing a visual abilities, sensitivity to taste and smell
according to erikson, middle adulthood consists of
generativity (creating new ideas) vs stagnation
according to erikson, emotional late adulthood consists of
integrity vs despair
what are the kubler ross stages of dying?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
