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Psych 1012 > final - History of Psychology > Flashcards

final - History of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Animism?

A

the belief that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence.

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2
Q

the birth of science can be attributed to?

A

the ancient greeks

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3
Q

what is a naturalistic view?

A

Ancient Greeks - physical principles can explain all life (elements)

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4
Q

what is the Biological view?

A

Hippocrates - centrality of brain, theory of humours, holistic approach

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5
Q

what did the ancient greeks contribute to psychological thought?

A

mathematical view (Pythagoras - reason leads to knowledge) and Humanism (Socrates)

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6
Q

what is Humanism?

A

focus on reason, language, self reflection - “know thyself”

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7
Q

what are the major differences between Plato and Aristotle?

A

Plato: math, reason, doubted sensation reasoning**
Aristotle: empirical study (Empiricism = idea that thought/knowledge comes from experience), natural explanations, little value for math **experience*

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8
Q

what are Arostotle’s (experience) ideas?

A

1) Hierarchy of souls - vegetative, sensitive, rational
2) Scala Naturae - chain of being
3) Memory and recall - laws of association (similarity, contrast, frequency)
4) Imagination and dreaming
5) sensation and thinking

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9
Q

How is Christianity related to the ancient greeks?

A

Faith was considered more so than reason

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10
Q

how is the crusades related to ancient greeks (1095-1291)?

A

Aristotle was rediscovered (experience), Christianity sought to reconcile

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11
Q

what is the renaissance (1450 - 1600)?

A

Human centred - art and beauty

persecutions - witch hunts, mistreatment of mentally ill

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12
Q

what is empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience - Locke (1632-1704) - simple to complex ideas - views of child rearing

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13
Q

what is rationalism?

A

view that “regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge” -Descartes (1596-1650) - doubt, dualism

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14
Q

what did darwin do for psychology?

A

evolution by NS, functional view (purpose), comparitive view (Humans are not unique), Developmental view

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15
Q

what are the negatives of Galtons work in psychology?

A

individual differences (intelligence testing), hereditary genius, eugenics

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16
Q

what is trephination?

A

surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools - method of treating mental illness

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17
Q

who is credited with moral treatment of mentally ill?

A

Willliam Tuke’s, Philoppe Pinel, Dorothea Dix

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18
Q

what is the importance of Emil Kraepelin?

A

he opposed Freud, looked at psychiatry as a branch of medicine, distinguished manic depressive psychosis, dementia, schizophrenia - eugenic views - modern psychology

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19
Q

what is a lobotomy?

A

neurosurgical operation that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal lobe

20
Q

what is seat of soul?

A

heart: Aristotle
Brain: Plato

21
Q

what is the importance of Galen?

A

manipulated animal brains, disected apes and treated gladiators

22
Q

what is phrenology?

A

The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character - Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

23
Q

what is ablation?

A

removing parts of brain to see how it affects one - ie pigeons w Pierre Flourens

24
Q

who is credited with psychophysics and what was their work?

A
  • Ernst Weber - quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus
  • Theodor Fechner - extended webers law
  • Herman von Helmholtz - trichomatic theory of vision, nerve impulses, sensation vs perception
25
Q

what is psychophysics?

A

study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli

26
Q

Who founded psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt - research and teaching lab

William James - principles of psychology

27
Q

what is voluntarism?

A

an early school of psychology; Wundt - introspection (looking into ones own mind), organization of mind, “the process of organizing the mind”

28
Q

what is structuralism?

A

an early school of psychology; Titchener - breaking down experience into elements is best way to understand thought and behaviour

29
Q

what is Functionalism?

A

an early school of thought; James - thought it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts - related to Darwin’s adaptation and function

30
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud - the role of unconscious, Id, ego, superego - clinical based,, assuming unconscious is most powerful force behind thought and behaviour

31
Q

what is Carl Jung’s importance in psychoanalysis?

A

looked at extraversion and introversion, archetypes - red book

32
Q

what did alfred adler contribute to psychoanalysis?

A

inferiority complex - a lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards

33
Q

what did Karen Horney contribute to psychoanalysis?

A

interpersonal relations (toward, away, against)

34
Q

what is behaviourism and who is credited with major work in it

A

a school of psychology, proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it looks at observable behaviour - not ideas, thoughts, feelings or motives - Pavlov and Watson, Skinner

35
Q

what is cognitive theory and who is credited with it

A

Edward Tolman (1886-1959) - the study of how people perceive, remember, think, problem solve, speak

36
Q

what is neuropsychology and who is credited with it?

A

Hebb (1904-1985) - looking at cellular structures and how learning changes them - how the brain and the rest of the nervous system influence a person’s cognition and behaviors

37
Q

what is Gestalt psychology and why is it important?

A

the idea that maintains that we perceive things as whole rather than as a compilation of parts - looking at perception, conformity (solomon asch), obedience to authority (stanley milgram)

38
Q

what is the cognitive revolution and who is credited with it

A

an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research
- Chomsky - critique of Skinner’s verbal behaviour

39
Q

what is constructivism?

A

theory of knowledge that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas - Ebbinghaus forgetting curve - Carmichael, Hogen and Walter (1932) - part of the cognitive revolution

40
Q

what is Bartlett’s (1932) contribution to the cognitive revolution?

A

war of the ghosts - memory is process of active construction (different pictures of cats)

41
Q

what is computational metaphor?

A 
part of the cognitive revolution; 
- Behaviourist model (study only observable behaviour): stimulus -> black box -> response
Cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behaviour): Input -> mediational process -> output
42
Q

what is humanistic psychology?

A

theory that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential - Maslow’s Hierarchy (1908-1970) - a revolt against psychoanalysis and behaviourism

43
Q

what is Carl Rogers (1902-1987) role in humanistic psychology?

A

unconditional positive regard, group theory

44
Q

who is credited with what we have learned about development?

A 
G. Stanley Hall - recapitulationism (1846-1924)
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
45
Q

where do we see the future of psychology?

A

Neuroscience, clinical practice, technology

46
Q

what did Fritsch and Hitzig do?

A

electrically stimulated the brains of dogs

47
Q

what is the importance of Gall and Spurzheim’s approach?

A

it gave acceptance to the idea of localization of brain function

Psych 1012 (9 decks)

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