final - History of Psychology Flashcards
what is Animism?
the belief that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence.
the birth of science can be attributed to?
the ancient greeks
what is a naturalistic view?
Ancient Greeks - physical principles can explain all life (elements)
what is the Biological view?
Hippocrates - centrality of brain, theory of humours, holistic approach
what did the ancient greeks contribute to psychological thought?
mathematical view (Pythagoras - reason leads to knowledge) and Humanism (Socrates)
what is Humanism?
focus on reason, language, self reflection - “know thyself”
what are the major differences between Plato and Aristotle?
Plato: math, reason, doubted sensation reasoning**
Aristotle: empirical study (Empiricism = idea that thought/knowledge comes from experience), natural explanations, little value for math **experience*
what are Arostotle’s (experience) ideas?
1) Hierarchy of souls - vegetative, sensitive, rational
2) Scala Naturae - chain of being
3) Memory and recall - laws of association (similarity, contrast, frequency)
4) Imagination and dreaming
5) sensation and thinking
How is Christianity related to the ancient greeks?
Faith was considered more so than reason
how is the crusades related to ancient greeks (1095-1291)?
Aristotle was rediscovered (experience), Christianity sought to reconcile
what is the renaissance (1450 - 1600)?
Human centred - art and beauty
persecutions - witch hunts, mistreatment of mentally ill
what is empiricism
the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience - Locke (1632-1704) - simple to complex ideas - views of child rearing
what is rationalism?
view that “regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge” -Descartes (1596-1650) - doubt, dualism
what did darwin do for psychology?
evolution by NS, functional view (purpose), comparitive view (Humans are not unique), Developmental view
what are the negatives of Galtons work in psychology?
individual differences (intelligence testing), hereditary genius, eugenics
what is trephination?
surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools - method of treating mental illness
who is credited with moral treatment of mentally ill?
Willliam Tuke’s, Philoppe Pinel, Dorothea Dix
what is the importance of Emil Kraepelin?
he opposed Freud, looked at psychiatry as a branch of medicine, distinguished manic depressive psychosis, dementia, schizophrenia - eugenic views - modern psychology
what is a lobotomy?
neurosurgical operation that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal lobe
what is seat of soul?
heart: Aristotle
Brain: Plato
what is the importance of Galen?
manipulated animal brains, disected apes and treated gladiators
what is phrenology?
The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character - Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
what is ablation?
removing parts of brain to see how it affects one - ie pigeons w Pierre Flourens
who is credited with psychophysics and what was their work?
- Ernst Weber - quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus
- Theodor Fechner - extended webers law
- Herman von Helmholtz - trichomatic theory of vision, nerve impulses, sensation vs perception
what is psychophysics?
study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli
Who founded psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt - research and teaching lab
William James - principles of psychology
what is voluntarism?
an early school of psychology; Wundt - introspection (looking into ones own mind), organization of mind, “the process of organizing the mind”
what is structuralism?
an early school of psychology; Titchener - breaking down experience into elements is best way to understand thought and behaviour
what is Functionalism?
an early school of thought; James - thought it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts - related to Darwin’s adaptation and function
what is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud - the role of unconscious, Id, ego, superego - clinical based,, assuming unconscious is most powerful force behind thought and behaviour
what is Carl Jung’s importance in psychoanalysis?
looked at extraversion and introversion, archetypes - red book
what did alfred adler contribute to psychoanalysis?
inferiority complex - a lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards
what did Karen Horney contribute to psychoanalysis?
interpersonal relations (toward, away, against)
what is behaviourism and who is credited with major work in it
a school of psychology, proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it looks at observable behaviour - not ideas, thoughts, feelings or motives - Pavlov and Watson, Skinner
what is cognitive theory and who is credited with it
Edward Tolman (1886-1959) - the study of how people perceive, remember, think, problem solve, speak
what is neuropsychology and who is credited with it?
Hebb (1904-1985) - looking at cellular structures and how learning changes them - how the brain and the rest of the nervous system influence a person’s cognition and behaviors
what is Gestalt psychology and why is it important?
the idea that maintains that we perceive things as whole rather than as a compilation of parts - looking at perception, conformity (solomon asch), obedience to authority (stanley milgram)
what is the cognitive revolution and who is credited with it
an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research
- Chomsky - critique of Skinner’s verbal behaviour
what is constructivism?
theory of knowledge that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas - Ebbinghaus forgetting curve - Carmichael, Hogen and Walter (1932) - part of the cognitive revolution
what is Bartlett’s (1932) contribution to the cognitive revolution?
war of the ghosts - memory is process of active construction (different pictures of cats)
what is computational metaphor?
part of the cognitive revolution; - Behaviourist model (study only observable behaviour): stimulus -> black box -> response Cognitive model (can scientifically study internal behaviour): Input -> mediational process -> output
what is humanistic psychology?
theory that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential - Maslow’s Hierarchy (1908-1970) - a revolt against psychoanalysis and behaviourism
what is Carl Rogers (1902-1987) role in humanistic psychology?
unconditional positive regard, group theory
who is credited with what we have learned about development?
G. Stanley Hall - recapitulationism (1846-1924) Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
where do we see the future of psychology?
Neuroscience, clinical practice, technology
what did Fritsch and Hitzig do?
electrically stimulated the brains of dogs
what is the importance of Gall and Spurzheim’s approach?
it gave acceptance to the idea of localization of brain function
