Final - Psychological Disorders and Treatment Flashcards
what are the three criteria for discerning behaviour as disordered?
1) Deviant
2) Distressing
3) Dysfunctional
what is an example of a culture specific disorder?
Anorexia
what does DSM-5 stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - what most mental health professionals use to diagnose people
what is the importance of the DSM-5?
it is based in research and consensus, it defines disorders
consensus was controversial because it was a consensus of mostly psychiatrists and not
what is categorical vs dimensional?
categorical looks at fitting into a category or not at all while dimensional looks at severity along certain dimensions of a disorder
Anxiety is a normal experience - but when does it become a problem?
when it makes decisions for you, interferes with your life and or causes significant distress
what are the multiple components of anxiety responses?
1) emotional symptoms - feelings of tension, apprehension
2) cognitive symptoms - worry, thoughts about inability to cope
3) physiological symptoms - increased heart rate, muscle tension
4) Behavioural symptoms - avoidance, decreased performance, increased startled response
what are the physical effects of anxiety disorders?
dizziness, decreased sex drive, sweating, chest pain, muscle tensions, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, increased blood pressure, nausea or diarrhoea
what is generalized anxiety disorder?
- exaggerations of things we all worry about
- pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least 6 months
what is panic disorder?
recurrent unexpected panic attacks, concern about future attacs
what is a panic attack?
intense fear or discomfort with a variety of psychological arousal symptoms and are often unpredictable
what is social anxiety disorder?
pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others, marked by severe self consciousness about appearance or behaviour or both
what is PTSD?
triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event - re experiencing the trauma, increased arousal, irritability, difficulty sleeping
what is OCD?
an obsession with an unwanted though, word, etc that is persistently and repeatedly coming into a persons mind and causes distress
Associated with a compulsion - repetitive behaviour in response to uncontrollable urges - ritualistic
what are some of the causes of anxiety disorders?
- Nature - biological
- Nurture - parent reaction, modeling, stressors
what is Dysthymia and what is it now referred to?
persistent mild depression; now under persistent depressive disorder which also contains chronic major depressive disorder
what are the factors of clinical depression?
frequency, intensity, duration of low mood out of proportion with life situation
what is Major Depressive Disorder characterized by?
a period of at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure + 4 other symptoms
- must change from previous functioning
- no mania or hypomania
- high mortality
what are the symptoms of depressive disorders?
1) Physical - weight loss, poor appetite, tired
2) Behaviour - withdrawn, not completing tasks, stop doing enjoyable activities, difficulty concentrating
3) thoughts - negative, worthless, hopeless
4) feelings - overwhelmed, unhappy, irritable, frustrated, indecisive
what are some of the warning signs of suicide?
- talking about death
- talking about “going away”
- giving away possessions
- talking about feeling hopeless
- changes in sleeping or eating habits
- engaging in self destructive behaviour
what are the prevalences of anxiety (men and women)?
- women more 2x more likely to experience depression in past year and in lifetime
- 20s for women
- 40s for men
what are the causes of depression?
- brain chemistry and life circumstance - short-short more likely to experience depressive episode
- biology - genetics - under activity of neurotransmitters, personality traits
what is the cognitive model of depression?
cognitive biases for negativity -> increase negativity -> increase negative emotions/symptoms of depression
what is the behavioural model of depression?
a cycle of depressions involving: Depression - decreased reward seeking behaviour, avoidance of others - increased depression - noxious behaviours, alienating others, reducing social support - deeper depression - inadequate positive reinforcement - depression
what is DIGFAST of bipolar disorder?
the symptoms of mania D= Distractibility I = Indescretion G= grandiosity - unrealistic sense of superiority - delusional F= Flight of ideas A= Activity increased T= Talkativeness
in bipolar disorder, what is euthymia? hypomania?
- euthymia - being “average”
- hypomania - some DIGFAST, but not all
after these there is depression (low) or mania (high)
what are the causes of bipolar disorder?
- fetal exposure alcohol
- genetics
- brain abnormalities (prefrontal cortex, amygdala)
- Neurochemistry - low serotonin, high norepinephrine
- stress and trauma
what is psychosis?
a process whereby senses are distorted, making it difficult for a person to distinguish btwn what is real and unreal
what is a psychotic disorder?
a brain based disorder associated with a serious disturbance in an individuals reality affecting a persons ability to think, perceive and act
what are the characters of psychosis?
1) cognitive deficits - memory deficits, poor attention and organization, concrete thinking
2) negative symptoms - lack of energy, motivation, drive, emotion
3) Positive symptoms - hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behaviour
4) mood disturbance - anxiety, depression, irritability, anger
what are the warning signs of psychosis?
- onset of changing behaviour, appearance, attitude
- isolation
- decline in grades, function
- poor hygiene
- increased substance abuse
- odd comments, poor sleep, low mood
what are the causes of psychosis?
- genetics
- structural abnormalities
- adolescent abnormalities in brain development - pruning of synapses
- dopamine hypothesis - overactivity
- environmental factors - viral infection, drugs, child abuse
- cannabis use during adolescence
what are the 3 clusters in personality disorders?
1) odd and eccentric
2) dramatic and emotional
3) anxious and fearful
what are the characteristics of borderline personality disorder?
instability in mood, identity and impulse control, intense fear of abandonment, instability in relationships, self destructive behaviours (drug abuse, overeating, self harm, sexual promiscuity)
simply put, what is borderline personality disorder?
a tendency to overreact to stress, resulting in chronic difficulties regulating emotions - emotional cascades
what are the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?
impulsive, manipulative, ruthless, criminal behaviour, callous - overall lack of moral behaviour
what are the explanations of antisocial personality disorder?
genetics, being a male, abusive/neglectful household, head injury
what are disorders of childhood called in dsm-5?
neurodevelopmental disorders (name was changed to this to move toward lifespan approach bc they often continue into adulthood)
what are the characters of ADHD?
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity (more common in boys than girls and often continues into adulthood)
what are issues with ADHD in dsm?
it may be better suited for boys
what are some of the theories/causes of ADHD?
genetics, prenatal alcohol or tobacco use, parent responses, dopamine deficiency, abnormalities in frontal lobes/basal ganglia, diet/allergies
what are the 2 main features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- impaired social communications and interactions, repetitive behaviours and restricted interests
what are some of the ASD stats?
5% of children w ASD are autistic savants, 1-2% of children have ASD (4-5 times more common in boys)
what are the causes of ASD?
neurodevelopment issues; problems in early development, genetic influences, brain abnormalities
what are some of the specific findings for brain abnormalities is ASD?
gray and white matter overgrowth, structural abrnomalities (in cerebellum and temporal lobe), decreased blood flow to frontal and temporal lobes
what are the 3 major approaches to treatment of psychological disorders?
1) psychological treatment
2) Biological treatment
3) Combined treatments
what are the components of psychological treatments?
- psychodynamic
- humanistic
- behavioural
- cognitive behavioural
- group
what are the components of biological treatments?
- drug therapy
- psychotherapy
- electric and magnetic therapies
what are the components of combined treatments?
- drug + psychotherapy
- integrative therapies
- mindfulness + psychotherapy
what is the purpose of psychotherapy?
to change maladaptive thoughts, behaviours and feelings in order to relieve suffering, decrease symptoms and increase function
what is important in a therapeutic relationship?
attention, credibility, treatment expectations, optimism and therapeutic alliance
what are some of the different types of therapies?
individual, group, marital, self help, distance
what is the purpose of psychodynamic theory?
to uncover unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems - sigmund freud - not a lot of evidence for effectiveness
what is transference?
derived from psychotherapy; a process in which clients react to person in front of them as if they are someone in which they have a conflict
what is catharsis?
derived from psychotherapy; releasing intense emotions in a therapeutic setting
what is humanistic therapy?
carl rogers; unconditional positive regard, empathy - dealing with personal growth
what are behavioural treatments?
uses principles of classical and operant conditioning - maladaptive behaviour being rewarded and reinforced
what are operant conditioning approaches?
behaviour modification, token economies - helpful for treating ADHD
what are classical conditioning approaches?
systemic desensitization, ie muscle relaxation skills - pairing new response with anxiety provoking stimulus - helpful for treating phobias
what is Beck’s cognitive therapy?
- focuses on automatic thoughts, idea that beliefs cause emotional reactions - helping to identify and reprogram thought patterns
what is rational emotive therapy?
emotion, affects how situation is appraised, focus on challenging beliefs and changing responses
what is the third wave cognitive behavioural therapy?
focus on humanistic, mindfulness and acceptance
what are mindfulness based approaches?
focus on meditation and accepting feelings
what is acceptance and commitment therapy? (ACT)
notice, accept and embrace thoughts/feelings, settling goals in accordance w what is most important to you
what is dialectical behaviour therapy? (DBT)
developed for border line personality disorder; mindfulness, goals, intensive - lower rates of self destructive behaviour
what are the differences between dsm 5 (new) and dsm iv (old)?
there are no longer subtypes if schizophrenia, OCD and PTSD in different categories than other anxiety disorders
how do drug therapies work? (biological)
treat symptoms; effect neurotransmitter
what do MAO inhibitors do?
reduce action of enzyme that breaks down monomines
what do tricyclic antidepressants do?
block reuptake of serontonin and norepinephrine
what do SSRIs do?
block reuptake of serotonin, used to treat anxiety
what are benzodiazepines?
SSRIs, used to treat anxiety, enhance effect of GABA
what is Lithium/its use?
used to treat bi polar, influences neurotransmitter systems - can have bad side effects
what are drug treatments for schizophrenia? (Biological)
traditional antipsychotics - block dopamine - many side effects
Atypical Antipsychotics - block diff dopamine receptor, weight gain
what is tardive syskinesia?
involuntary facial movements that are permanent from traditional antipsychotics
what is psychosurgery?
prefrontal lobotomy - connections severed btwn prefrontal cortex and lower portion of brain - early treatment of psychosis
what are electric and magnetic therapies?
produces brief seizure (ECT) - treatment of depression (in broadmann’s area 25) - exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic fields
why are SSRIs preferred as treatment for depression?
they have less side effects
when are drugs and psychotherapy used?
treating depression and anxiety disorders, drugs manage depression while CBT allows creation of coping strategies - treating ADHD
