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Psych 1012 > Final - Psychological Disorders and Treatment > Flashcards

Final - Psychological Disorders and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three criteria for discerning behaviour as disordered?

A

1) Deviant
2) Distressing
3) Dysfunctional

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2
Q

what is an example of a culture specific disorder?

A

Anorexia

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3
Q

what does DSM-5 stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - what most mental health professionals use to diagnose people

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4
Q

what is the importance of the DSM-5?

A

it is based in research and consensus, it defines disorders

consensus was controversial because it was a consensus of mostly psychiatrists and not

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5
Q

what is categorical vs dimensional?

A

categorical looks at fitting into a category or not at all while dimensional looks at severity along certain dimensions of a disorder

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6
Q

Anxiety is a normal experience - but when does it become a problem?

A

when it makes decisions for you, interferes with your life and or causes significant distress

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7
Q

what are the multiple components of anxiety responses?

A

1) emotional symptoms - feelings of tension, apprehension
2) cognitive symptoms - worry, thoughts about inability to cope
3) physiological symptoms - increased heart rate, muscle tension
4) Behavioural symptoms - avoidance, decreased performance, increased startled response

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8
Q

what are the physical effects of anxiety disorders?

A

dizziness, decreased sex drive, sweating, chest pain, muscle tensions, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, increased blood pressure, nausea or diarrhoea

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9
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • exaggerations of things we all worry about

- pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least 6 months

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10
Q

what is panic disorder?

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks, concern about future attacs

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11
Q

what is a panic attack?

A

intense fear or discomfort with a variety of psychological arousal symptoms and are often unpredictable

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12
Q

what is social anxiety disorder?

A

pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others, marked by severe self consciousness about appearance or behaviour or both

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13
Q

what is PTSD?

A

triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event - re experiencing the trauma, increased arousal, irritability, difficulty sleeping

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14
Q

what is OCD?

A

an obsession with an unwanted though, word, etc that is persistently and repeatedly coming into a persons mind and causes distress
Associated with a compulsion - repetitive behaviour in response to uncontrollable urges - ritualistic

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15
Q

what are some of the causes of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Nature - biological

- Nurture - parent reaction, modeling, stressors

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16
Q

what is Dysthymia and what is it now referred to?

A

persistent mild depression; now under persistent depressive disorder which also contains chronic major depressive disorder

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17
Q

what are the factors of clinical depression?

A

frequency, intensity, duration of low mood out of proportion with life situation

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18
Q

what is Major Depressive Disorder characterized by?

A

a period of at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure + 4 other symptoms

  • must change from previous functioning
  • no mania or hypomania
  • high mortality
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19
Q

what are the symptoms of depressive disorders?

A

1) Physical - weight loss, poor appetite, tired
2) Behaviour - withdrawn, not completing tasks, stop doing enjoyable activities, difficulty concentrating
3) thoughts - negative, worthless, hopeless
4) feelings - overwhelmed, unhappy, irritable, frustrated, indecisive

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20
Q

what are some of the warning signs of suicide?

A
  • talking about death
  • talking about “going away”
  • giving away possessions
  • talking about feeling hopeless
  • changes in sleeping or eating habits
  • engaging in self destructive behaviour
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21
Q

what are the prevalences of anxiety (men and women)?

A
  • women more 2x more likely to experience depression in past year and in lifetime
  • 20s for women
  • 40s for men
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22
Q

what are the causes of depression?

A
  • brain chemistry and life circumstance - short-short more likely to experience depressive episode
  • biology - genetics - under activity of neurotransmitters, personality traits
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23
Q

what is the cognitive model of depression?

A

cognitive biases for negativity -> increase negativity -> increase negative emotions/symptoms of depression

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24
Q

what is the behavioural model of depression?

A

a cycle of depressions involving: Depression - decreased reward seeking behaviour, avoidance of others - increased depression - noxious behaviours, alienating others, reducing social support - deeper depression - inadequate positive reinforcement - depression

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25
Q

what is DIGFAST of bipolar disorder?

A 
the symptoms of mania
D= Distractibility
I = Indescretion 
G= grandiosity - unrealistic sense of superiority - delusional
F= Flight of ideas
A= Activity increased
T= Talkativeness
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26
Q

in bipolar disorder, what is euthymia? hypomania?

A
  • euthymia - being “average”
  • hypomania - some DIGFAST, but not all
    after these there is depression (low) or mania (high)
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27
Q

what are the causes of bipolar disorder?

A
  • fetal exposure alcohol
  • genetics
  • brain abnormalities (prefrontal cortex, amygdala)
  • Neurochemistry - low serotonin, high norepinephrine
  • stress and trauma
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28
Q

what is psychosis?

A

a process whereby senses are distorted, making it difficult for a person to distinguish btwn what is real and unreal

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29
Q

what is a psychotic disorder?

A

a brain based disorder associated with a serious disturbance in an individuals reality affecting a persons ability to think, perceive and act

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30
Q

what are the characters of psychosis?

A

1) cognitive deficits - memory deficits, poor attention and organization, concrete thinking
2) negative symptoms - lack of energy, motivation, drive, emotion
3) Positive symptoms - hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behaviour
4) mood disturbance - anxiety, depression, irritability, anger

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31
Q

what are the warning signs of psychosis?

A
  • onset of changing behaviour, appearance, attitude
  • isolation
  • decline in grades, function
  • poor hygiene
  • increased substance abuse
  • odd comments, poor sleep, low mood
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32
Q

what are the causes of psychosis?

A
  • genetics
  • structural abnormalities
  • adolescent abnormalities in brain development - pruning of synapses
  • dopamine hypothesis - overactivity
  • environmental factors - viral infection, drugs, child abuse
  • cannabis use during adolescence
33
Q

what are the 3 clusters in personality disorders?

A

1) odd and eccentric
2) dramatic and emotional
3) anxious and fearful

34
Q

what are the characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

A

instability in mood, identity and impulse control, intense fear of abandonment, instability in relationships, self destructive behaviours (drug abuse, overeating, self harm, sexual promiscuity)

35
Q

simply put, what is borderline personality disorder?

A

a tendency to overreact to stress, resulting in chronic difficulties regulating emotions - emotional cascades

36
Q

what are the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder?

A

impulsive, manipulative, ruthless, criminal behaviour, callous - overall lack of moral behaviour

37
Q

what are the explanations of antisocial personality disorder?

A

genetics, being a male, abusive/neglectful household, head injury

38
Q

what are disorders of childhood called in dsm-5?

A

neurodevelopmental disorders (name was changed to this to move toward lifespan approach bc they often continue into adulthood)

39
Q

what are the characters of ADHD?

A

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity (more common in boys than girls and often continues into adulthood)

40
Q

what are issues with ADHD in dsm?

A

it may be better suited for boys

41
Q

what are some of the theories/causes of ADHD?

A

genetics, prenatal alcohol or tobacco use, parent responses, dopamine deficiency, abnormalities in frontal lobes/basal ganglia, diet/allergies

42
Q

what are the 2 main features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A
  • impaired social communications and interactions, repetitive behaviours and restricted interests
43
Q

what are some of the ASD stats?

A

5% of children w ASD are autistic savants, 1-2% of children have ASD (4-5 times more common in boys)

44
Q

what are the causes of ASD?

A

neurodevelopment issues; problems in early development, genetic influences, brain abnormalities

45
Q

what are some of the specific findings for brain abnormalities is ASD?

A

gray and white matter overgrowth, structural abrnomalities (in cerebellum and temporal lobe), decreased blood flow to frontal and temporal lobes

46
Q

what are the 3 major approaches to treatment of psychological disorders?

A

1) psychological treatment
2) Biological treatment
3) Combined treatments

47
Q

what are the components of psychological treatments?

A
  • psychodynamic
  • humanistic
  • behavioural
  • cognitive behavioural
  • group
48
Q

what are the components of biological treatments?

A
  • drug therapy
  • psychotherapy
  • electric and magnetic therapies
49
Q

what are the components of combined treatments?

A
  • drug + psychotherapy
  • integrative therapies
  • mindfulness + psychotherapy
50
Q

what is the purpose of psychotherapy?

A

to change maladaptive thoughts, behaviours and feelings in order to relieve suffering, decrease symptoms and increase function

51
Q

what is important in a therapeutic relationship?

A

attention, credibility, treatment expectations, optimism and therapeutic alliance

52
Q

what are some of the different types of therapies?

A

individual, group, marital, self help, distance

53
Q

what is the purpose of psychodynamic theory?

A

to uncover unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems - sigmund freud - not a lot of evidence for effectiveness

54
Q

what is transference?

A

derived from psychotherapy; a process in which clients react to person in front of them as if they are someone in which they have a conflict

55
Q

what is catharsis?

A

derived from psychotherapy; releasing intense emotions in a therapeutic setting

56
Q

what is humanistic therapy?

A

carl rogers; unconditional positive regard, empathy - dealing with personal growth

57
Q

what are behavioural treatments?

A

uses principles of classical and operant conditioning - maladaptive behaviour being rewarded and reinforced

58
Q

what are operant conditioning approaches?

A

behaviour modification, token economies - helpful for treating ADHD

59
Q

what are classical conditioning approaches?

A

systemic desensitization, ie muscle relaxation skills - pairing new response with anxiety provoking stimulus - helpful for treating phobias

60
Q

what is Beck’s cognitive therapy?

A
  • focuses on automatic thoughts, idea that beliefs cause emotional reactions - helping to identify and reprogram thought patterns
61
Q

what is rational emotive therapy?

A

emotion, affects how situation is appraised, focus on challenging beliefs and changing responses

62
Q

what is the third wave cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

focus on humanistic, mindfulness and acceptance

63
Q

what are mindfulness based approaches?

A

focus on meditation and accepting feelings

64
Q

what is acceptance and commitment therapy? (ACT)

A

notice, accept and embrace thoughts/feelings, settling goals in accordance w what is most important to you

65
Q

what is dialectical behaviour therapy? (DBT)

A

developed for border line personality disorder; mindfulness, goals, intensive - lower rates of self destructive behaviour

66
Q

what are the differences between dsm 5 (new) and dsm iv (old)?

A

there are no longer subtypes if schizophrenia, OCD and PTSD in different categories than other anxiety disorders

67
Q

how do drug therapies work? (biological)

A

treat symptoms; effect neurotransmitter

68
Q

what do MAO inhibitors do?

A

reduce action of enzyme that breaks down monomines

69
Q

what do tricyclic antidepressants do?

A

block reuptake of serontonin and norepinephrine

70
Q

what do SSRIs do?

A

block reuptake of serotonin, used to treat anxiety

71
Q

what are benzodiazepines?

A

SSRIs, used to treat anxiety, enhance effect of GABA

72
Q

what is Lithium/its use?

A

used to treat bi polar, influences neurotransmitter systems - can have bad side effects

73
Q

what are drug treatments for schizophrenia? (Biological)

A

traditional antipsychotics - block dopamine - many side effects
Atypical Antipsychotics - block diff dopamine receptor, weight gain

74
Q

what is tardive syskinesia?

A

involuntary facial movements that are permanent from traditional antipsychotics

75
Q

what is psychosurgery?

A

prefrontal lobotomy - connections severed btwn prefrontal cortex and lower portion of brain - early treatment of psychosis

76
Q

what are electric and magnetic therapies?

A

produces brief seizure (ECT) - treatment of depression (in broadmann’s area 25) - exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high intensity magnetic fields

77
Q

why are SSRIs preferred as treatment for depression?

A

they have less side effects

78
Q

when are drugs and psychotherapy used?

A

treating depression and anxiety disorders, drugs manage depression while CBT allows creation of coping strategies - treating ADHD

Psych 1012 (9 decks)

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