Test 2 Flashcards
Describe the functions of the skin
1 protection 2 body temp 3 excretion 4 production of vitamin D 5 sensory reception
On what part of your body is your skin the thickest and thinnest
Thick: palms and soles
Thin: rest of body
What type of cell is a karatinocyte, it’s role, what does it produce.
It’s an epidermal cell
provide physical and mechanical protection
It produces keratin(protein that gives epidermis its protective properties)
What is a melanocyte, what does it produce, what is the role of this cell in the skin
Dark skin color cell
Dark skin pigment called melanin
Shields cell nuclei from UV rays
What does the dermis do
Dermis binds the entire body together like a body stocking
What is the hypodermis and where is it located
Fat layer and below the skin layer
What do sudoriferous glands produce
Sweat glands
2 types of sudoriferous glands
Eccrine- palms, soles, forehead
Apocrine- axillary, anal, genetal
Ceruminius glands what do they produce
Ear wax
Mammary glands what do they produce
Secrete milk
Three specific types of cartilages
Elastic, hyaline, fibro cartilage
Where is elastic cartilage found in
Ear and epiglottis
Where is fibrocartilage found in
Pubicsymphysis, intervertebral discs, meniscus
Where is hyaline cartilage found in
Nose, costal cartilages, articulations cartilage in joints
What are the functions of bones
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral storage
- Blood cell formation/ energy storage
- Energy metabolism
How is bone matrix different from other tissues ecm?
Organic 35%- tissue mass of collagen fibers
Inorganic 65%- minerals, primarily calcium phosphate
Describe 3 types of cells in bones
Osteoblasts- build up bone
Osteocytes- keeps bones healthy
Osteoclasts- breaks down bone
Which bone cell is a special type of what blood cell?
Osteoclasts, Lymphocytes
What are the characteristics of the four different classes of bone?
Long, short, flat, irregular
What are sesamoid bones?
Special type of shirt bone formed within a tendon
What are two types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
What are endochondral and membranous bones?
Endochondral- any bone that developers in and replaces cartilage
Membranous- bones that formed in membranous C.Ct.instead of cartilage
What are the two
reasons that bones are constantly being remodeled?
- helps maintain constant concentrations of Ca2 levels. These Ca2levels are strictly controlled because it’s critical for muscle contraction
- Responds to the mechanical stress it experiences
What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts is bone decomposition
Osteoclasts is bone resorption
What are fontanelles and their function
Unossified remnants of membranes
F: allows the skull to go compressed when the infant goes through birth canal
How are the male and female pelves different? What are
the evolutionary reasons for these differences
Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing and is wider, shallower, and lighter
Male is adapted for the support of a heavier build and stronger muscles
What are the functions of joints
Support and movement
Explains the functional classification of immovable, slightly movable and freely movable
Synarthrosis-immovable
Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable
Diarthrosis- freely movable joints
Fibrous joints
- structural characteristics
- types
- mobility
1.adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers
2.sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
3. Immobile(synarthrosis)
Slightly movable and immobile (amphiarthrosis)
Immobile (gomphosis)
Cartilaginous
- structural characteristics
- types
- Mobility
1.adjoining bones united by cartilage
2.
A. Synchondrosis(hyaline cartilage) immobile
B. Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly movable
Synovial
- structural characteristics
- types
- Mobility
- adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articulations cartilage, and enclosed within a articulations capsule lined with synovial membrane
- Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar,saddle ,ball and socket
- Freely movable, movement depends on design of joint
3 types of fibrous joints and give examples of them
Suture(skull),gomphosis(alveolar process), syndesmosis(fibula and tibia)
Describe the two different types of cartilaginous joints and give an example
synchondrosis-sternum and ribs
symphysis- pubic symphysis
What’s a bursa
A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid; acts to decrease friction during movement
What’s a tendon sheath
Elongated bursa wraps around tendons
Describe three factors that determine the stability of a synovial join
1 gliding of bone across another
2 angular movements
3rotation about a bones long axis
Gliding
Sliding the flat surfaces of 2 bones across each other
Flexion
Decreasing angle between 2 bones
Extension
Increasing angle between bones
Abduction
Moving limb away from body midline
Adduction
Moving limb towards body midline
Circumduction
Moving limb/finger so it makes a cone in space
Medial rotation
Rotating towards medial plane
Lateral rotation
Rotating away from medial plane
Elevation
Lifting body part superiorly
Depression
Moving body part inferiority
Protraction
Moving part in anterior direction
Retraction
Moving body part in posterior direction
Supination
Roatating
forearms so palms face anteriorly
Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch tips of other fingers
Inversion
Turning side of foot medially
Eversion
Turning side of foot laterally
Dorsi flexion
Lifting toe to shin
Plantar flexion
Toe to floor/ heel up
What are the four properties of muscle tissues
1contractility 2excitability 3extensibility 4elasticity
What are the four functions of muscle tissues?
1produce movement
2 open and close passage ways
3 maintain posture and stabilize joints
4generate heat
prefixes indicate muscle
Myo/my sand sacro
What are the three “sheaths” or connective tissue membranes that surround skeletal muscles?
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
What is the major connective tissue in each membrane for muscle
Dense irregular connective tissue in epimysium
Blood vessels in perimysium
Loose C.T in endomysium
Which membrane in muscle is the most superficial?
Epimysium
Which membrane is deepest?
Endomysium
What is a fascicle?
Group of muscle fibers
What is fascia?
A fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, large vessels and nerves
Define origin and insertion.
Origin is direct attachment
Insertion is indirect attachment
prime mover definition
Agonist (causes you agony)
Largest workload, responsible for movement
Antagonist definition
Creates resistance, prevents overshoot
Synergistic definition
Helps prime movers
Adds force, stabilizes
Fixators
Stabilizers that immobilize bone
Muscle fibers
- Long cylindrical cells that are huge cells, 10-100um in diameter
- multinucleate with peripheral nuclei.
- striated
How are skeletal muscles controlled and state what goes within the process
Each fiber must be associated with a motor neuron, which provides the stimulus to contract.
How is an aponeurosis different from a tendon?
Aponeurosis attaches muscle to muscle and is sheet like/broad
Tendons attach muscle to bone and are strap like/thin
Satellite cells
Children-help grow and can repair damaged cells
Adults-are fewer and less effective satellite cells.
An increase in muscle diameter is ……
usually due to an increase in fiber diameter, not an increase in the
number of fibers.
fibers in one muscle have similar…..
Lengths but different diameters
myofibrils
- long protein rods packed in the sarcoplasm
- extend entire length of cell.
- are striated
- are perfectly aligned with each other.
There are three basic types of myofilaments.
- Thin has actin protein
- Thick has myosin protein
- Elastic has Titian protein
sarcomere
structural unit that extends from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc.
form a Z-disc / Z-line
Thin filaments
form an M-line
Thick filaments
