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Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the skin

A 
1 protection 
2 body temp 
3 excretion
4 production of vitamin D 
5 sensory reception
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2
Q

On what part of your body is your skin the thickest and thinnest

A

Thick: palms and soles
Thin: rest of body

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3
Q

What type of cell is a karatinocyte, it’s role, what does it produce.

A

It’s an epidermal cell

provide physical and mechanical protection

It produces keratin(protein that gives epidermis its protective properties)

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4
Q

What is a melanocyte, what does it produce, what is the role of this cell in the skin

A

Dark skin color cell

Dark skin pigment called melanin

Shields cell nuclei from UV rays

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5
Q

What does the dermis do

A

Dermis binds the entire body together like a body stocking

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6
Q

What is the hypodermis and where is it located

A

Fat layer and below the skin layer

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7
Q

What do sudoriferous glands produce

A

Sweat glands

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8
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine- palms, soles, forehead

Apocrine- axillary, anal, genetal

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9
Q

Ceruminius glands what do they produce

A

Ear wax

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10
Q

Mammary glands what do they produce

A

Secrete milk

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11
Q

Three specific types of cartilages

A

Elastic, hyaline, fibro cartilage

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12
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found in

A

Ear and epiglottis

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13
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found in

A

Pubicsymphysis, intervertebral discs, meniscus

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14
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found in

A

Nose, costal cartilages, articulations cartilage in joints

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15
Q

What are the functions of bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation/ energy storage
  6. Energy metabolism
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16
Q

How is bone matrix different from other tissues ecm?

A

Organic 35%- tissue mass of collagen fibers

Inorganic 65%- minerals, primarily calcium phosphate

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17
Q

Describe 3 types of cells in bones

A

Osteoblasts- build up bone
Osteocytes- keeps bones healthy
Osteoclasts- breaks down bone

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18
Q

Which bone cell is a special type of what blood cell?

A

Osteoclasts, Lymphocytes

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the four different classes of bone?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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20
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Special type of shirt bone formed within a tendon

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21
Q

What are two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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22
Q

What are endochondral and membranous bones?

A

Endochondral- any bone that developers in and replaces cartilage
Membranous- bones that formed in membranous C.Ct.instead of cartilage

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23
Q

What are the two

reasons that bones are constantly being remodeled?

A
  1. helps maintain constant concentrations of Ca2 levels. These Ca2levels are strictly controlled because it’s critical for muscle contraction
  2. Responds to the mechanical stress it experiences
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24
Q

What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoblasts is bone decomposition

Osteoclasts is bone resorption

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25
Q

What are fontanelles and their function

A

Unossified remnants of membranes

F: allows the skull to go compressed when the infant goes through birth canal

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26
Q

How are the male and female pelves different? What are

the evolutionary reasons for these differences

A

Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing and is wider, shallower, and lighter
Male is adapted for the support of a heavier build and stronger muscles

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27
Q

What are the functions of joints

A

Support and movement

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28
Q

Explains the functional classification of immovable, slightly movable and freely movable

A

Synarthrosis-immovable
Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable
Diarthrosis- freely movable joints

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29
Q

Fibrous joints

  1. structural characteristics
  2. types
  3. mobility
A

1.adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers
2.sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
3. Immobile(synarthrosis)
Slightly movable and immobile (amphiarthrosis)
Immobile (gomphosis)

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30
Q

Cartilaginous

  1. structural characteristics
  2. types
  3. Mobility
A

1.adjoining bones united by cartilage
2.
A. Synchondrosis(hyaline cartilage) immobile
B. Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly movable

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31
Q

Synovial

  1. structural characteristics
  2. types
  3. Mobility
A
  1. adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articulations cartilage, and enclosed within a articulations capsule lined with synovial membrane
  2. Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar,saddle ,ball and socket
  3. Freely movable, movement depends on design of joint
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32
Q

3 types of fibrous joints and give examples of them

A

Suture(skull),gomphosis(alveolar process), syndesmosis(fibula and tibia)

33
Q

Describe the two different types of cartilaginous joints and give an example

A

synchondrosis-sternum and ribs

symphysis- pubic symphysis

34
Q

What’s a bursa

A

A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid; acts to decrease friction during movement

35
Q

What’s a tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa wraps around tendons

36
Q

Describe three factors that determine the stability of a synovial join

A

1 gliding of bone across another
2 angular movements
3rotation about a bones long axis

37
Q

Gliding

A

Sliding the flat surfaces of 2 bones across each other

38
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing angle between 2 bones

39
Q

Extension

A

Increasing angle between bones

40
Q

Abduction

A

Moving limb away from body midline

41
Q

Adduction

A

Moving limb towards body midline

42
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving limb/finger so it makes a cone in space

43
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotating towards medial plane

44
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotating away from medial plane

45
Q

Elevation

A

Lifting body part superiorly

46
Q

Depression

A

Moving body part inferiority

47
Q

Protraction

A

Moving part in anterior direction

48
Q

Retraction

A

Moving body part in posterior direction

49
Q

Supination

A

Roatating

forearms so palms face anteriorly

50
Q

Opposition

A

Moving the thumb to touch tips of other fingers

51
Q

Inversion

A

Turning side of foot medially

52
Q

Eversion

A

Turning side of foot laterally

53
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Lifting toe to shin

54
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Toe to floor/ heel up

55
Q

What are the four properties of muscle tissues

A

1contractility 2excitability 3extensibility 4elasticity

56
Q

What are the four functions of muscle tissues?

A

1produce movement
2 open and close passage ways
3 maintain posture and stabilize joints
4generate heat

57
Q

prefixes indicate muscle

A

Myo/my sand sacro

58
Q

What are the three “sheaths” or connective tissue membranes that surround skeletal muscles?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

59
Q

What is the major connective tissue in each membrane for muscle

A

Dense irregular connective tissue in epimysium

Blood vessels in perimysium

Loose C.T in endomysium

60
Q

Which membrane in muscle is the most superficial?

A

Epimysium

61
Q

Which membrane is deepest?

A

Endomysium

62
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Group of muscle fibers

63
Q

What is fascia?

A

A fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, large vessels and nerves

64
Q

Define origin and insertion.

A

Origin is direct attachment

Insertion is indirect attachment

65
Q

prime mover definition

A

Agonist (causes you agony)

Largest workload, responsible for movement

66
Q

Antagonist definition

A

Creates resistance, prevents overshoot

67
Q

Synergistic definition

A

Helps prime movers

Adds force, stabilizes

68
Q

Fixators

A

Stabilizers that immobilize bone

69
Q

Muscle fibers

A
  • Long cylindrical cells that are huge cells, 10-100um in diameter
  • multinucleate with peripheral nuclei.
  • striated
70
Q

How are skeletal muscles controlled and state what goes within the process

A

Each fiber must be associated with a motor neuron, which provides the stimulus to contract.

71
Q

How is an aponeurosis different from a tendon?

A

Aponeurosis attaches muscle to muscle and is sheet like/broad

Tendons attach muscle to bone and are strap like/thin

72
Q

Satellite cells

A

Children-help grow and can repair damaged cells

Adults-are fewer and less effective satellite cells.

73
Q

An increase in muscle diameter is ……

A

usually due to an increase in fiber diameter, not an increase in the
number of fibers.

74
Q

fibers in one muscle have similar…..

A

Lengths but different diameters

75
Q

myofibrils

A
  • long protein rods packed in the sarcoplasm
  • extend entire length of cell.
  • are striated
  • are perfectly aligned with each other.
76
Q

There are three basic types of myofilaments.

A
  • Thin has actin protein
  • Thick has myosin protein
  • Elastic has Titian protein
77
Q

sarcomere

A

structural unit that extends from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc.

78
Q

form a Z-disc / Z-line

A

Thin filaments

79
Q

form an M-line

A

Thick filaments

Anatomy (9 decks)

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