Chapter 1 Flashcards
name the levels of anatomical structural organization
-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ level, organ system level, organism also level
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules combine to form macromolecules(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acid)
Cellular level
Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules.
Tissue level
Consist of similar types of cells and associated extra cellular material.
Epithelial tissue forms inner lining of blood vessels
Organ level
Discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types
Liver, brain, femur, blood vessels
Organ system level
A unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function.
Cardiovascular system,blood vessels, blood, heart.
Organismal level
Smaller systems working interdependently
Name the 11 systems of the body
Integumentary system , skeletal, muscular system, nervous system, endrocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system male/female reproductive system.
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Contralateral
On opposite sides
Anterior/ventral
Toward, or at the front of the body
Posterior/dorsal
Towards or at the back of the body, behind
Describe anatomical position
Standing erect, feet flat, eyes forward, thumbs pointing away from body and palms facing outward
Describe basic features of the human body that are shared with all vertebrae
- Tube within a tube body plan: inner tube starts at mouth and ends at anus
- Bilateral symmetry
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Notochord and vertebrae
- Segmentation( repeating similar structures)
- Pharyngeal pouches
Name the 2 body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
Dorsal body cavities subdivisions
Cranial cavity(brain)and vertebral cavity (vertebrae)
Ventral body cavity subdivisions
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Name the three thoracic cavity parts
- Pleural cavity( lungs)
- Mediastinum
- Pericardial cavity ( heart)
What is a tissue
A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function
List 4 major types of tissues and their one word functions
- Epithelial is covering
- Connective is support
- Muscle is movement
- Nervous is control
Location of epithelial tissue
Outer layer of skin, linings of stomach and respiratory tube, lining of peritoneal cavity, lining of blood vessels
Function of epithelial tissue
- Protection of underlying tissues
- Secretion
- absorption
- Diffusion
- Filteration
- sensory reception
Histology
Study of tissues
6 general characteristics of epithelial cells
- Cellularity
- Specialized contacts
- Polarity
- Supported by connective tissue
- A vascular but innervated(nerve endings)
- Regeneration
What are the 3 basic types of cells
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
What’s the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands
ENDOcrine are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood
EXOcrine have ducts and secrete onto body surfaces/body cavities
List the 4 types of connective tissues
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
List the functions of connective tissues
- form basis of skeleton( bone/cartilage)
- store and carry nutrients( fat tissue/blood)
- surround all blood vessels/nerves( connective tissue proper)
Describe general characteristics of connective tissues
- Few cells, lots of extra cellular matrix
- EM= ground substance and fibers
- Mesenchyme
Three types of lining membranes
Cutaneous- “skin” covering the outside surface of the body
- Mucous membrane- lines inside of every hollow organ that opens up to the outside of the body (respiratory tract, digestive, reproductive, urinary)
- Serous membrane- slippery membrane that lines closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
List 3 types of muscle tissues and where they are located
Skeletal muscles ( on skeletal) Cardiac muscle (on heart) Smooth muscle (hollow internal organs)
Explains the functions of the 3 muscles
1 produce movement
2 open/close passage ways
3 maintain posture and stability joints
4 generate heat
Are blood vessels located within the muscle tissue itself?
Yes, they have 1 nerve, artery and vein
Where are nervous tissue located
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Explains the function of the two types of cells found in nervous tissue
Nerurons- generate/conduct electrical impulses
Glial cells- support nourish and insulate the neuron
How many cells make up the human body?
50-100 trillion
Name the three scientists who formulated the cell theory and what were their main ideas about the cells
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Cell is the basic unit of life
Cells come from other cells
All living organisms consist of one or more cells
What basic activities must a cell perform?
- Obtain nutrients and essential substances from surrounding body fluids
- Use nutrients to make molecules
- Dispose wastes
- Maintain shape and integrity
- Replace itself
Name three basic parts of a cell
Cytoplasm,plasma membrane and nucleus
Name the different types of membrane transport
Passive process Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport
Passive process
Does not require energy
Goes down the concentration gradient (more to less)
Simple diffusion
Movement of a molecule from a region from high concentration to low concentration
Molecule is able to move through the phosphate bilateral
Small no polar or fat soluble (o2,co2, steroid hormones, urea)
Facillated diffusion
Diffusion of hydrophilic molecules
Requires protein- passage though the lipid bilayer
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through lipid bilayer
Most water transport is through water channels(aquaporins)
Active processes
Requires energy
ATP is the most common energy source
Requires protein
Eukaryotic
“Good nucleus”
Organelles
Younger in evolutionary sense
Generally larger
Prokaryotic
“Before nucleus” NO nucleus No organelles Older in evolutionary sense Tend to be smaller
Light microscope
Uses visible light
Mid 1600s
Uses stains and dyes to enhance contrast
Cheap
Electron microscope
Uses electrons to illuminate specimens
1940s
Use heavy metals to enhance contrast
Expensive
