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Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Motor innervation to the stomach is classified as

A

Visceral motor

From the ANS and innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the stomach

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2
Q

Seeing cup of water
To the brain
Drinking cup of water…. explains the nervous system process

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Somatic sensory and somatic motor examples

A

SS- pain, pressure, vision

SM-contraction of skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Visceral sensory and motor examples

A

VS- hunger and taste

VM- secretion of pancreas, contraction of bladder and heart

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5
Q

What neuroglia regulates the neuronal environment

A

Astrocyte

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6
Q

What neuroglia removes micro organisms and other debris form the CNS via phagocytosis

A

Microglial cell

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7
Q

What neuroglia form a permeable lining of the hollow region of the CNS

A

Ependymal cells

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8
Q

What neuroglia produce myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

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9
Q

What neuroglia surround the cell bodies in the PNS

A

Satellite cells

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10
Q

What neuroglia produce myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

Name the specific functions for visceral sensory in the PNS

A

Taste, hunger, detects stretch of stomach wall, monitors chemical changes in blood

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12
Q

Name the specific functions for visceral motor in the PNS

A

Autonomic nervous system
Motor innervation of the heart muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall

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13
Q

Name the specific functions for somatic sensory in the PNS

A

Proprioception from upper limb muscles
Sense of soft touch from skin
Temperature change on skin surface

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14
Q

Name the specific functions for

Somatic motor in the PNS

A

Motor innervation of skeletal muscles

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15
Q

———- are the neuroglia,which help regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ———

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ————-, which increase the speed of the electrical impulse

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

The myelin sheath of the central nervous system is formed by ———

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

The ventricles of the brain are lined with ———, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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20
Q

The macrophages of the central nervous system, which function to remove foreign microorganisms are called ——

A

Microglia

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21
Q

What is multiple sclerosis and why would an MRI be helpful to detect MS?

A

It’s caused by the breakdown of myelin sheath surrounding the CNS. Oligodendrocytes are the lipid filled cells that make up the sheath in the CNS, so with MS the microglia cells target the oilogodendrocytes and break down the myelin sheath. No covering means neurons can’t properly send signals.
MRI shows areas with higher water concentration in contrast to tissues with low water content. Therefore, a damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher concentration than healthy myelinated axons.

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22
Q

What pathways would be affected by MS

A

Communication between spinal cord and visceral motor neurons
Communication between brain and somatic motor neurons
Sensory info being transmitted from a somatic sensory neurons to the cortex of the brain

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23
Q

The basic components of the peripheral nervous system are

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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24
Q

The somatic sensory division of the PNS includes what

A

general senses of pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature in body walls and limbs

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25
Q

A somatic neuron carries

A

A motor commands to the skeletal musculature

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26
Q

List some special somatic senses

A

Smell, taste, equilibrium

NOT PAIN

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27
Q

The peripheral nerve fibers that speed up the movement of the digestive tract are classified as

A

General visceral motor (efferent)

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28
Q

The visceral motor division of the pns regulates what

A

Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body’s many glands

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29
Q

Is a neuron a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS?

A

No it’s not

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30
Q

Special somatic senses have receptors that are located mostly in the head, including balance hearing and vision…… true or false?

A

True

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31
Q

List some general visceral sensory impulses

A

Pain, hunger, temperature, nausea

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32
Q

Somatic motor subdivision of the PNS is considered to be what

A

Voluntary nervous system

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33
Q

Motor neurons form what

A

Junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or glands to secrete

34
Q

What is the function of synaptic vesicles inside axon terminals

A

Store and release neurotransmitters

35
Q

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receives signals from other neurons are what

A

Dendrites

36
Q

What factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmissions

A

The larger the diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

37
Q

What neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa

A

Bipolar

38
Q

Glial cells that provide the myelin sheath in the CNS are what

A

Oligodendrocytes

39
Q

What is the site of communication between neurons

A

The synapse

40
Q

The ——— of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

A

Axon terminal

41
Q

What are the regions of a neuron that are also called terminal boutons

A

Axon terminal

42
Q

This region of a neuron are characterized by numerous, short cytoplasmic extensions and are often referred to as receiving regions

A

Dendrite

43
Q

This part of a neuron may have branching collaterals

A

Axon

44
Q

This neuronal region transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

45
Q

Most synapses transmit communicating signals using

A

Chemical signaling molecules neurotransmitters

46
Q

What are some characteristics of neurons

A

High metabolic rate
Longevity
Inability to divide
NOT ABILITY TO SURVIVE WITHOUT OXYGEN

47
Q

Ganglia represents

A

Groups of neuron cell bodies

48
Q

What is the path that an impulse takes across a synapse

A

Axon of presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, dendrite of postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

The majority of neurons in the body are

A

Multipolar

50
Q

Which cells are the microphages of the CNS

A

Microglial

51
Q

What structure is only found in PNS as opposed to the CNS

A

A ganglion

52
Q

List true statements about axons

A

It has a uniform diameter
It has branches
It’s referred to as a nerve fiber

53
Q

Interneurons are only found in the

A

CNS

54
Q

Most tumors in the brain originate from

A

Glial cells

55
Q

Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body

A

Bipolar

57
Q

These glial cells surround the cell bodies of sensory neurons within ganglia of the PNS

A

Satellite cells

58
Q

action potential travels along the

A

Axon membrane

59
Q

List characteristics of dendrites

A

Typically occur as more than one per cell
Conduct signals toward the cell body
Are more extensive branching than axons
NOT ALWAYS CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS

60
Q

Myelin on axons functions to

A

Speed the rate of impulse conduction and insulate neighboring axons from one another

61
Q

Which cell provides the myelin sheath for neurons in the pns

A

Schwann cells

62
Q

Nonmyelinated axons….

A

Conduct impulses more slowly than myelinated axons

63
Q

The difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons is that

A

Schwann cells wrap around myelinated axons in concentric layers

64
Q

Ciliated neuroglial cells that form an epithelium and play an active role in forming and moving cerebrospinal fluid are

A

Ependymal cells

65
Q

The chemical substance that is released at axon terminals is called a

A

Neurotransmitter

66
Q

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located in

A

Axon terminals

67
Q

Most neurons in the body are

A

Multipolar neurons

68
Q

Which parts or part of the neuron are found in the white matter of the CNS

A

Long atonal processes

69
Q

Within the white matter of the CNS, axons traveling to similar destinations are bundled together in

A

Tracts

70
Q

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of CT called

A

Perineurium

71
Q

Grey matter is a mixture of what

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

72
Q

White matter represents

A

Myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS

73
Q

What encases the smallest component of a nerve

A

Endoneurium

74
Q

In the region of the spinal cord, the cell bodies of most interneurons lie in

A

The dorsal half of the gray matter

75
Q

The entire nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath called a

A

Epineurium

76
Q

Grey matter in CNS contains what

A

Neuroglia
Dendrites
Neuron cell bodies
NOT FIBER TRACTS

77
Q

Put the components of a reflex arch in the correct order of their activation

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector

78
Q

A man walking barefoot stepped on a piece of glass. His foot jerked upward in which type of reflex

A

Somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex

79
Q

White matter is what

A

Where neuron cell bodies are clustered

80
Q

What does the cerebellum do in the CNS

A

Coordinates body movements and has been discovered to play a role in language, problem solving, and task planning

81
Q

What does the midbrain regulate

A

Adjusts the rate and force of heart contractions, adjusts blood pressure, and regulates respiration rates

Anatomy (9 decks)

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