Nervous system Flashcards
Motor innervation to the stomach is classified as
Visceral motor
From the ANS and innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the stomach
Seeing cup of water
To the brain
Drinking cup of water…. explains the nervous system process
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output
Somatic sensory and somatic motor examples
SS- pain, pressure, vision
SM-contraction of skeletal muscles
Visceral sensory and motor examples
VS- hunger and taste
VM- secretion of pancreas, contraction of bladder and heart
What neuroglia regulates the neuronal environment
Astrocyte
What neuroglia removes micro organisms and other debris form the CNS via phagocytosis
Microglial cell
What neuroglia form a permeable lining of the hollow region of the CNS
Ependymal cells
What neuroglia produce myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocyte
What neuroglia surround the cell bodies in the PNS
Satellite cells
What neuroglia produce myelin in the PNS
Schwann cells
Name the specific functions for visceral sensory in the PNS
Taste, hunger, detects stretch of stomach wall, monitors chemical changes in blood
Name the specific functions for visceral motor in the PNS
Autonomic nervous system
Motor innervation of the heart muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall
Name the specific functions for somatic sensory in the PNS
Proprioception from upper limb muscles
Sense of soft touch from skin
Temperature change on skin surface
Name the specific functions for
Somatic motor in the PNS
Motor innervation of skeletal muscles
———- are the neuroglia,which help regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue
Astrocytes
Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ———
Satellite cells
Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ————-, which increase the speed of the electrical impulse
Schwann cells
The myelin sheath of the central nervous system is formed by ———
Oligodendrocytes
The ventricles of the brain are lined with ———, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
The macrophages of the central nervous system, which function to remove foreign microorganisms are called ——
Microglia
What is multiple sclerosis and why would an MRI be helpful to detect MS?
It’s caused by the breakdown of myelin sheath surrounding the CNS. Oligodendrocytes are the lipid filled cells that make up the sheath in the CNS, so with MS the microglia cells target the oilogodendrocytes and break down the myelin sheath. No covering means neurons can’t properly send signals.
MRI shows areas with higher water concentration in contrast to tissues with low water content. Therefore, a damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher concentration than healthy myelinated axons.
What pathways would be affected by MS
Communication between spinal cord and visceral motor neurons
Communication between brain and somatic motor neurons
Sensory info being transmitted from a somatic sensory neurons to the cortex of the brain
The basic components of the peripheral nervous system are
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
The somatic sensory division of the PNS includes what
general senses of pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature in body walls and limbs
A somatic neuron carries
A motor commands to the skeletal musculature
List some special somatic senses
Smell, taste, equilibrium
NOT PAIN
The peripheral nerve fibers that speed up the movement of the digestive tract are classified as
General visceral motor (efferent)
The visceral motor division of the pns regulates what
Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body’s many glands
Is a neuron a collection of nerve fibers in the PNS?
No it’s not
Special somatic senses have receptors that are located mostly in the head, including balance hearing and vision…… true or false?
True
List some general visceral sensory impulses
Pain, hunger, temperature, nausea
Somatic motor subdivision of the PNS is considered to be what
Voluntary nervous system
Motor neurons form what
Junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or glands to secrete
What is the function of synaptic vesicles inside axon terminals
Store and release neurotransmitters
The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receives signals from other neurons are what
Dendrites
What factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmissions
The larger the diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath
What neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa
Bipolar
Glial cells that provide the myelin sheath in the CNS are what
Oligodendrocytes
What is the site of communication between neurons
The synapse
The ——— of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron
Axon terminal
What are the regions of a neuron that are also called terminal boutons
Axon terminal
This region of a neuron are characterized by numerous, short cytoplasmic extensions and are often referred to as receiving regions
Dendrite
This part of a neuron may have branching collaterals
Axon
This neuronal region transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Most synapses transmit communicating signals using
Chemical signaling molecules neurotransmitters
What are some characteristics of neurons
High metabolic rate
Longevity
Inability to divide
NOT ABILITY TO SURVIVE WITHOUT OXYGEN
Ganglia represents
Groups of neuron cell bodies
What is the path that an impulse takes across a synapse
Axon of presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, dendrite of postsynaptic neuron
The majority of neurons in the body are
Multipolar
Which cells are the microphages of the CNS
Microglial
What structure is only found in PNS as opposed to the CNS
A ganglion
List true statements about axons
It has a uniform diameter
It has branches
It’s referred to as a nerve fiber
Interneurons are only found in the
CNS
Most tumors in the brain originate from
Glial cells
Which cells provide the myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body
Bipolar
These glial cells surround the cell bodies of sensory neurons within ganglia of the PNS
Satellite cells
action potential travels along the
Axon membrane
List characteristics of dendrites
Typically occur as more than one per cell
Conduct signals toward the cell body
Are more extensive branching than axons
NOT ALWAYS CONDUCT ACTION POTENTIALS
Myelin on axons functions to
Speed the rate of impulse conduction and insulate neighboring axons from one another
Which cell provides the myelin sheath for neurons in the pns
Schwann cells
Nonmyelinated axons….
Conduct impulses more slowly than myelinated axons
The difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons is that
Schwann cells wrap around myelinated axons in concentric layers
Ciliated neuroglial cells that form an epithelium and play an active role in forming and moving cerebrospinal fluid are
Ependymal cells
The chemical substance that is released at axon terminals is called a
Neurotransmitter
Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are located in
Axon terminals
Most neurons in the body are
Multipolar neurons
Which parts or part of the neuron are found in the white matter of the CNS
Long atonal processes
Within the white matter of the CNS, axons traveling to similar destinations are bundled together in
Tracts
Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of CT called
Perineurium
Grey matter is a mixture of what
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia
White matter represents
Myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS
What encases the smallest component of a nerve
Endoneurium
In the region of the spinal cord, the cell bodies of most interneurons lie in
The dorsal half of the gray matter
The entire nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath called a
Epineurium
Grey matter in CNS contains what
Neuroglia
Dendrites
Neuron cell bodies
NOT FIBER TRACTS
Put the components of a reflex arch in the correct order of their activation
Receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector
A man walking barefoot stepped on a piece of glass. His foot jerked upward in which type of reflex
Somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex
White matter is what
Where neuron cell bodies are clustered
What does the cerebellum do in the CNS
Coordinates body movements and has been discovered to play a role in language, problem solving, and task planning
What does the midbrain regulate
Adjusts the rate and force of heart contractions, adjusts blood pressure, and regulates respiration rates
