study guides Flashcards
What is the main function of the respiratory system
supply body with O2 and dispose CO2
Explain the four main processes of respiration
1pulmonary ventilation(air must be moved in and out of lungs) 2external respiration ( gas exchange must occur between blood and air at lung alveoli) 3transort of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2 must be transported between lungs and cells of the body) 4internal respiration (gasses have to be exchanged between blood and tissue cells)
Explain cellular respiration
O2 is used by the cells and CO2 is produced as a waste product during the chemical process that converts glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
What other system works closely with the respiratory system
cardiovascular,
What are two other functions of the respiratory system?
sense of smell and vocalization of speech
conducting zone
includes respiratory passages that carry air to the sites of gas exchange ( nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles)
respiratory zone
the ACTUAL site of gas exchange in the lungs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)
function of nose
produces mucus; filters, warms and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech; receptors for sense of smell
function of pharynx
passageway for air and foods; tonsils respond to inhaled or ingested antigens
What does the pharynx connect and what materials does it conduct?
connects the nasal cavity and mouth; conducts food and air
What kind of muscle is located in the wall of the pharynx?
skeletal muscle
What kind of epithelium is located in the mucosa of each part of the pharynx?
nasopharynx- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
oropharynx- stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx- stratified squamoud epithelium
To what bone is the larynx attached?
hyoid bone
What does the larynx connect and what material does it conduct?
connects with trachea and conducts food and air
What are the functions of the larynx?
- produces vocalizations
- provides and open airway
- acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
What happens to the larynx during swallowing and why is this important?
larynx is pulled superiorly, epiglottis tips inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet. this is important because it keeps food out of lower respirator tubes
Why is the inferior position of the larynx both beneficial and risky?
we can choke easily but the inferior location allows greater movement for the tongue for shaping sounds
What epithelia are located in the mucosae of the superior and inferior larynx? Why are the epithelia different?
superior - stratified squamous and this comes to contact with food
inferior - pseudistratified ciliated columnar and this entraps dust
what does the trachea connect
larynx to mediastinum then into the main bronchi
What epithelium is located in the mucosa of the trachea? What does the epithelium do?
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium(air filter with cilia)and lamina propria(helps trach stretch and recoil during exhalation)
Which parts of the bronchial tree belong to the conducting zone?
main bronchi, lobar bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Which parts of the bronchial tree belong to the respiratory zone?
alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
What are the two phases of breathing/pulmonary ventilation?
inspiration(air flows in) and expiration (gases exit lung)
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
How does quiet expiration occur?
inspiratory muscles relax, rib cage drops under force of gravity, relaxing diaphragm moves superiorly
What three higher brain centers can modify the basic breathing pattern?
limbic system, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
What are the functions of the kidneys?
filter many liters of fluid from blood, sending toxins, metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess ions out of the body in urine while returning needed substances from filtrate to blood.
What three other organs, in addition to the kidneys, are considered excretory organs?
lungs, liver, and skin
Are the kidneys retroperitoneal?
yes, they do lie behind the parietal peritoneum
What are the three mechanisms of urine production? Explain what happens for each of these mechanisms.
filtration-a filtrate of the blood capillary leaves and enters the renal tubule
resorption- nutrients, water and essential ions are recovered from filtrate and returned to the blood capillaries of surrounding CT
Secretion- moves undesirable molecules into the tubules from the blood to the surrounding capillaries
What is the main structural and functional unit of the kidney? What are the two main parts of this unit?
nephron and the two main parts are the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
What type of capillary is the glomerulus?
fenestrated
Where does filtration occur? How much fluid is filtered out of the blood vessels?
renal corpuscle, 80%
How is a cortical nephron different from a juxtamedullary nephron
cortical- 85% of nephrons, located in cortex, nephron loop doesn’t dip as far
juxamedullary- 15% of nephrons, lie near cortex medulla junction, longer nephron loops that dip far
What is the function of the ureters?
carry urine from kidneys to bladder
What region of the kidney directs urine into the ureter?
renal pelvis
Why does urine not leak from the urinary bladder into the ureters while you are sleeping?
increase of pressure within the bladder compresses the bladder wall and closes distal ends of ureters
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
stores and expels urine
Describe the two main organ groups of the digestive system. List the organs in each main group
alimentary canal- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory digestive organs- teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
What are the functions of the mouth?
food is chewed and manipulated by the tongue and moistened with saliva
Describe the functions of saliva. What are the components of saliva?
components: water, ions, mucus, and enzymes
Functions: moistens mouth, dissolves food chemicals so we can taste, wets food to create a bolus
three major salivary glands.
submandibular, sublingual, and parotid
What is the function of the esophagus?
propels swallowed food into the stomach
What are the functions of the stomach?
food is churned and turned into chyme
What are the functions of the small intestine?
site of most enzyme digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients
What are the functions of the large intestine?
absorb water and electrolytes from the digested mass
What is the digestive function of the liver?
produce bile
What are some metabolic functions of the liver?
- makes blood protiens
- detoxifies many poisons and drugs in the body
- processes fats and amino acids and stores certain vitamins
What is the function of the gallbladder?
stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
to produce enzymes to digest in the small intestine
What are primary sex organs or gonads in the male?
testes
Identify the accessory sex organs in the male. Indicate which organs are ducts and which are glands.
ducts- epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra and penis
glands- seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral gland
What are the two functions of the testes?
produce sperm and secrete hormones testosterone
What are the functions of the epididymis?
is where sperm mature
What are the functions of the ductus deferens/vas deferens?
stores and transports sperm during ejaculation
What is a vasectomy?
closing the ductus deferens by tieing them off or fusing them
What is the reproductive function of the urethra and the urethral glands?
urethra helps carry sperm outside of body and urethral glands secrete a mucus that lubricate the urethra
What is semen?
sperm plus secretions of accessory glands and ducts
What are the functions of the seminal glands/vesicles?
contract to empty during ejaculation
What are the functions of the prostate?
secrete a milky fluid that enhances motility and enzymes that liquify semen
What are the functions of the bulbourethral glands?
produce a mucus that neutralizes the acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates it too smooth the passageway for semen
What two organs comprise the male external genitalia?
penis and scrotum
What is the function of the penis?
delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
What are the two phases of the male sexual response?
erection and ejaculation
How many sperm cells are produced when one spermatogonium cell undergoes the process of spermatogenesis?
4
What are primary sex organs or gonads in the female?
ovaries
Identify the accessory sex organs in the female. Indicate which organs are ducts and which are glands.
ducts- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
ducts- mammary glands
What are the two functions of the ovaries?
store eggs and make sex hormones
What are the functions of the uterine tubes?
site for fertilization
What are the functions of the uterus?
receive,retain, nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy
List and explain the three layers of the uterine wall.
perimetrium(outer membrane), myometrium,(this contracts to expel baby from body) endometrium(if fertilization occurs, embryo burrows here and resides for the rest of pregnancy)
How are the two layers of the endometrium different?
functional layer(shed during menstration) and basal layer( not shed but is responsible for making a new layer after menstruation)
What are the functions of the vagina?
birth canal and receives penis and semen in intercourse
How many ova cells are produced when one oogonium cell undergoes the process of oogenesis?
1
How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis in terms of how long the two processes take?
oogenesis takes years to complete
What is the uterine cycle and what are its three phases?
menstrual cycle, 1. menstrual phase - functional layer is shed
- proliferate phase- functional layer rebuilds
- secretory phase- endometrium prepares for implantation of an embryo
What is the ovarian cycle and what are its three phases?
menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary 1. follicular phase
- ovulation
- luteal phase
What is the function of the mammary gland in females?
produce milk to nourish an infant
When does fat deposition in the breast start to occur?
puberty
When do the milk-producing lobules and their glandular alveoli actually develop?
halfway through pregnancy and milk producing lobules is after childbirth
