Final anatomy Flashcards
what gland secretes a hormone controlling metabolic rate
thyroid
master gland” that secretes at least nine hormones
pituitary gland
an organ that secretes hormones controlling blood sugar levels.
pancreas
an immune organ that also secretes hormones.
thymus
endocrine glands statements
The hormones they secrete regulate processes such as growth and metabolism.
They secrete messenger molecules called hormones.
They are a group of ductless glands.
the bony structure where the pituitary gland is located.
sella turcica of the sphenoid
Blood levels of which substance are regulated by secretion from parathyroid glands
calcium
which hormones does the pancreas secrete
insulin and glucagon
what that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms.
pineal gland
what is the hypophysis
pituitary gland
The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
T/F The endocrine cells of the pancreas are present in islets, whereas the exocrine cells are in acini.
true
Individuals with type 2 diabetes
may often control their disease by diet and exercise.
At which level of the respiratory tree is there no cartilage, where smooth muscle takes on an important role in regulating the amount of airflow through the tubule?
bronchioles
What is the histological significance of the mucosa of the oropharynx that is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium?
The area is subject to abrasion from food, so protection and regeneration are important.
The epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap that prevents food or liquid from being aspirated into the__________ .
lungs
he uvula lifts superiorly during swallowing to close off the__________ .
nasopharynx
What is the function of alveolar macrophages found within and between alveoli?
removal of microscopic inhaled particles
The superior boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by which structure(s)?
sphenoid and ethmoid bones
What is the anatomical relationship of the true vocal folds to the false vocal folds?
The true vocal folds are inferior to the false vocal folds.
What are the components of the respiratory membrane?
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae
what assist in filtering, heating, and humidifying inspired air
nasal conchae
a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air.
laryngopharynx
a flexible tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing.
trachea
Anatomical region of the nasal cavity containing nose hairs.
vestibule
The smallest airway of the bronchial tree that is primarily responsible for creating bronchoconstriction.
bronchiole
Alveolar cells that allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases.
Type I
The serous membrane lining of the wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
Fluid that reduces surface tension of the alveolar walls.
surfactant
The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes.
rima glottidis
Specific location within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
respiratory membrane
The superior and middle nasal conchae are bony projections from the
ethmoid bone.
Which cells produce surfactant?
type II cells
The left lung has what
cardiac notch
The passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear is
pharyngotympanic tube.
Of the three different layers of tissue in the wall of the trachea, the outermost layer is the
adventitia.
Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the
ciliated epithelium and mucus that line the respiratory passages.
When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ________, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity ________, and air flows ________ the lungs.
increases; drops; into
The part of the brain that generates the basic respiratory rhythm is the
medulla oblongata.
T/F Changes in the size of the thoracic cavity bring about inspiration and expiration.
true
T/F When the diaphragm contracts, it raises the floor of the thoracic cavity upward.
false
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
fibrous capsule
T/F The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
false, its Dense connective tissue
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
renal cortex
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
renal cortex
name the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
renal corpuscle
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
Collects newly formed urine
Which section of the renal tubule is most active in secretion and resorption? What type of epithelium is located in this region?
proximal convoluted tubule; simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli
The microvilli along the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule __________.
increase the total surface area of proximal convoluted tubules and maximize their capacity for resorbing water, ions, and solute from the filtrate
Where does blood flow immediately after it leaves the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?
efferent arteriole
Eventually, throughout the uriniferous tubules, about__________ % of fluid is resorbed into the blood
99
Renal corpuscles __________.
consist of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule
What happens in tubular resorption?
Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood renal capillaries.
The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
hilum
85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.
cortical
The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal
Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.
vasa recta
Which of the following is not normally found in urine? urea creatinine uric acid glucose
glucose
The function of the collecting duct is to
determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
Part complete
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that
the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex
Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that
their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
The oblique entry of the ureters into the bladder __________.
prevents backflow of urine into the ureters from the urinary bladder
The region in the urinary bladder, defined by the openings of the ureters and the urethra, is called the__________ .
trigone
Contraction of the bladder’s__________ muscle squeezes urine from the bladder during urination
detrusor
Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.
detrusor
The contraction and relaxation of adjacent segments of the alimentary canal moves material through the tract. what is that called
peristalsis
what is largest exocrine gland in the body
liver
what has a modified longitudinal muscularis externa laye
large intestine/colon
what receives digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder
duodenum
what contains mucus and serous secretory cells
submandibular gland
Layer of the GI tract responsible for peristalsis and segmentation.
muscularis mucosae
Bulblike union of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Three strips of longitudinal muscles of the muscularis of the colon causing it to pucker into sacs.
teniae coli
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another?
muscularis externa
Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion?
chief cell; pepsinogen
characteristic of the large intestine?
It absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes.
It contains an abundant bacterial flora.
It includes the ascending, transverse, and descending colon.
Part complete
The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the
large intestine.
whats contained in saliva
bicarbonate buffer, bacterial enzymes, enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is primarily located within the
lamina propria
What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
It controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the alimentary canal
what does the stomach do to food
churns food into a paste by mechanical means
Which of the following applies to the small intestine?
Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.
statements of the duodenum
It receives chyme from the stomach.
It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions.
It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum.
The parietal cells in the stomach produce
intrinsic factor and HCl.
The terminal portion of the small intestine is the
ileum.
The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
T/F The vermiform appendix is suspended from the cecum.
true
T/F
Part complete
Villi are cytoplasmic projections on the surface of intestinal absorptive cells.
false
T/F Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen.
true
T/F The small intestines contain bacteria that synthesize some essential vitamins
true
The pancreas is both a(n) __________ gland and a(n) __________ gland.
exocrine / endocrine
What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?
They are the site of sperm manufacture.
Tubular organ that is transected during a vasectomy.
ductus deferens
Type of cell in the testes that produces testosterone.
interstitial
Sperm become motile in the
epididymis.
Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male?
the testis
The seminal vesicles
are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.
Which of the following organs does not contribute secretion(s) during the male sexual response?
corpus cavernosum
Erection is caused by
erectile bodies filling with blood.
t/f The spermatic cord is another name for the ductus deferens.
false
t/f Spermatogonia are located near the lumen of seminiferous tubules.
false
t/f The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the ductus deferens and urethra.
false
t/f Seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm storage.
false
For each oogonium that undergoes meiosis, how many eggs result?
1
The phases of the uterine cycle occur in the following order.
menstrual phase (days 1–5); proliferative phase (days 6–14); secretory phase (days 15–28)
ova are produced in a process called__________ .
oogenesis
The__________ of the uterine tube is the usual site of fertilization.
ampulla
The wall of the uterus is composed of three basic layers: an outer perimetrium, a middle__________ , and an inner endometrium.
myometrium
The__________ is homologous to the penis, having both a glans and a body.
clitoris
Breast enlargement at puberty is due to __________.
accumulation of fat in the breasts
The fluid-filled cavity in a mature ovarian follicle is known as
antrum.
The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures.
fimbriae
Fertilization of the ovum normally occurs in this region of the oviduct.
ampulla
The female homologue of the male scrotum is the
labia majora
The zona pellucida is what…
is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur.
The milk-producing cells in the breast are
simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli.
Part complete
The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is the
uterine tube
The vaginal fornix
surrounds the tip of the cervix.
t/f Oogenesis takes years to complete.
true
Lobules and alveoli of the breast develop during puberty.
false
This layer of the uterus contracts during parturition to expel the baby.
myometrium
The usual site of embryo implantation is the
uterus
What does the presence of the SRY protein indicate?
The embryo will develop into a male.
