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Field And Lab Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biosphere

A

life/earth

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2
Q

Biome

A

depends on climate, dominant vegetation, 9-11 on earth

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

how organisms interact with their environment

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4
Q

Community

A

how organisms interact with each other within multiple spaces

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5
Q

Population

A

individuals of a single species that live within a boundary

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6
Q

Organism

A

basic unit of life, unique living entity

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7
Q

Organelle

A

organs within cell, everyone has a job

ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus

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8
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of life

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9
Q

Molecule

A

phospholipid, protein

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10
Q

Atom

A

makes up molecules

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11
Q

Sub-Atomic Particle

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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12
Q

Meta

A

change

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

to break down

takes something big and breaks it up

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14
Q

Anabolism

A

to build up

takes something small and builds it up

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15
Q

Photosynthesis

A

light/together/process
anabolic process of putting things together with light
6CO2+6H2O=>C6H12O6+6O2
substrates=light/chlorophyll=>product (sugar and oxygen)

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16
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

catabolic process
everything does this
opposite of photosynthesis
C6H12O6+6O2=>6CO2+6H2O+energy (ATP)

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17
Q

Autotrophic

A

self/to nourish, feed
can do photosynthesis
plants

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18
Q

Heterotrophic

A

other/to nourish
can’t to photosynthesis, eat others for energy
animals

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19
Q

Organizing Organisms

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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20
Q

Domains

A

Archae
Bacteria
Eukarae

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21
Q

Kingdoms

A 
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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22
Q

How to identify species

A

standardized name, same everywhere
genus is the first name, then whole name is the species
genus capitalized
whole name italicized or underlined

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23
Q

Prokaryote

A

before/seed, nut=>nucleus

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24
Q

Eukaryote

A

true/nut=>nucleus

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25
Q

Kingdom Monera

A

bacteria and cyanobacteria

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26
Q

Where bacteria are found

A

everywhere, but not all are living

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27
Q

Spores

A

dormant form of bacteria

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28
Q

Conditions for bacteria to grow

A

moist conditions, food source, most like warm conditions

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29
Q

Nutrient agar

A

agar (provides moisture, comes from brown algae, glue that holds cells together)+nutrient broth (food source)

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30
Q

How to kill living bacteria cells

A

bleach, alcohol, ammonia

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31
Q

How to kill spores

A

high temperature and high pressure

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32
Q

Autoclave

A

provides the conditions necessary to kill spores

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33
Q

Food examples of bacteria

A

yogurt, cheese, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles

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34
Q

Agriculture examples of bacteria

A

silage, bacillus thoringensis (Bt) [compound that kills insects in corn, can be good or bad], methane (CH4) [can produce when there’s no oxygen, landfills produce component of natural gas that can make electricit] (1 molecule of methane=30 molecules of CO2) [decomposition without oxygen=>methane]

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35
Q

E. coli

A

vitamin K
lives in large intestine
everybody has special E. coli bacteria in their body, when you eat somebody else’s E. coli (poop), the bacteria strands don’t agree and sickness happens. E. coli should not be anywhere besides large intestine.

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36
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

trap heat, CO2, CH4

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37
Q

Bad bacteria

A

can cause diseases, or create something that causes disease
tetnis, STDs, pneumonia (some), strep throat, anthrax (soil bacteria, natural is ok), black plague (bubonic, flea bite, rats, prairie dogs)

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38
Q

Neutral bacteria

A

soil (so many not named because we are not able to grow them)
decomposers

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39
Q

Bacteria shapes

A 
strepto-(chain)    staphlo- (cluster)
coccus   o o o o   ooooooooo        oooooooooo
bacillus   l l l l l l     ------------
spirillium sssss
one o, l, or s=>1 bacteria
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40
Q

Identifying bacteria

A

what shape it is

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41
Q

Cyanobacteria

A 
mostly aquatic 
one terrestrial (Nostoc) =>own green slime
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42
Q

Structure of cyanobacteria

A

oooOooo (cyanobacteria)

hydroscopic (sheath, take up water, make temp. pond)

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43
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a plant-available form of nitrogen (NH4)
all cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen, some bacteria-rhizobia (soil)

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44
Q

Atmosphere

A

nitrogen-78%-not available, short supply
oxygen-21%
carbon dioxide and other-1%

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45
Q

Nitrogen

A

everything needs nitrogen for proteins, DNA
lots of energy to break triple covalent bond N=-N
no excess energy to break bonds, not the right tools
plant available=> NH4+ (ammonium) NO3- (nitrate)

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46
Q

Symbiosis

A

together/life/process
process of living together
parasites (one organism benefits and the other doesn’t)

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47
Q

Mutualism

A

both members benefit

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48
Q

Examples of mutualism

A

legumes (available nitrogen source) and rhizobias (root; sugars, low oxygen home)
us (vitamin K) and bacteria (E. coli; warm home, food source)

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49
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

animal like-protozoans
plant like-algae
fungi like-slime mold, water mold

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50
Q

Movement of protistas

A

ways to move, because only one cell

flagella: tail-like structure, can have more than one
cilia: little hairs, hundreds that all work together
amoeboid: cell membrane is flexible, moves where the cell wants to go (pseudopoda: fake/foot)

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51
Q

Dormancy types

A

what they run out of first (slime mold)
sclerotia- dry dormancy (runs out of water first) (yellow)
sporangia- produce spores (coarse-looking)

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52
Q

Slime mold life process

A

dormant (slime mold sclerotia) + food and water=> active slime mold
/ \
runs out of food runs out of water
spores=>join together sclerotia
but don’t split; multi-nucleate cell
make new nucleus, but cell does not split

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53
Q

Green Algae

A

chlorophyll a & b-same as plants

most diverse, most plentiful

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54
Q

Red Algae

A

marine, edible

carrageenan-glue that holds red algae together, prevents ice crystals from forming; ice cream, lotion, makeup, pudding

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55
Q

Brown Algae

A 
large seaweed
agar
edible
marine
kelp (north California, New England, HUGE)
sargassum
56
Q

Eugleriophyta

A

Euglena

no cell wall, eye spot, chlorophyll, autotrophic or heterotrophic, eat other organisms or do photosynthesis

57
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

di-2, dino-terrible, flagellate-to whip
2 flagella
reddish orange color
Red Tide=>population explosion, water looks red, usually happens along marine shores, warm water and lots of nutrients, pollution causes more of it, large-scale fish kills-toxin that causes neurological problems

58
Q

Diatoms and Desmids

A

golden brown and yellow green
cell walls are made of silica (what glass is made of)
diatomaceous earth (what’s left after the water goes away)=> toothpaste, cleaners (scrubbing), physical insecticide)
every body of water has a unique group of diatoms, cell walls can be used to identify different species

59
Q

Algae

A

different kinds of chlorophyll and other pigments in algae

60
Q

How life is organized

A 
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Molecule
Atom
Sub-Atomic Particle
61
Q

Benefits of fungi

A

yeast (bread, alcohol), cheese, penicillin, antibiotics, nutrients and plants would not recycle

62
Q

Hypha

A

What mushrooms are made of, one cell wide, can only split in one direction

63
Q

Mycelium

A

hyphae woven together

myc-fungi

64
Q

Spores

A

structures when mold reproduces and goes into dormancy

65
Q

Zygomycetes

A

most are simple, small

bread mold, Pilobolus

66
Q

Pilobolus conditions

A

to grow: spores must pass through digestive system of grazing herbivore
to shoot spores: light

67
Q

Ascomycetes

A

truffles, morels (expensive mushrooms)
dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, food spoilage molds
ergot- affects rye, wheat, St. Antony’s fire, toxin that closes blood vessels and causes hallucinations

68
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

club

typical mushrooms, self fungi, puff balls [white, edible puff of spores]

69
Q

Deuteromycetes

A

imperfect fungi, asexual reproduction only, penicillin, athlete’s foot, candida albicans (yeast infection), ringworm, bleu cheese, brie, tofu, soy sauce, saki

70
Q

Fungi Mutualisms

A

Mycorrhizae: fruit/fungi, 80% of all known plants
plant gets available nutrients, phosphorus and metals
fungi gets sugars
Lichen-Fungi+algae or cyanobacteria
crust on rocks, wood
mycelium-combo of hyphae and algae or cyanobacteria
can grow anywhere, after a volcano, in the Arctic
fungi gets sugars
algae or cyanobacteria gets a moist home
3 forms:
crustose-looks crusty
foliose-looks like leaves
fruticose-shrubby

71
Q

Vascular System

A

transport system, transports materials throughout the organism

72
Q

Transport tissues

A

xylem: transports water, bottom to top
phloem: transports sugar, bottom to top and top to bottom

73
Q

Lower Plants

A 
nonvascular
small size
moist environment to grow
reproduce with spores
examples: moss, liverworts
74
Q

Peat moss/Sphagnum

A

potting soil, peat pellet, peat pots

look at drawing of peat pond

75
Q

Liverwort

A

flat, look like tongues
wort: plant
common, wet locations, damp soil

76
Q

Primitive Vascular Plants

A

moist environment,
reproduce with spores
no xylem and phloem
no roots (underground stems), only ferns have leaves, stems

77
Q

Groups of Primitive Vascular Plants

A

whisk ferns
club mosses: lycopodium (coal, ground pine), seleginella (desert, resurrection plant)
Equisetum: (horse tail, scouring rush) near water
Ferns: spores look like spots under leaf, wet environment, only one with leaves

78
Q

Advanced Vascular Plants

A

reproduce with seeds
pollen for reproduction
have leaves, stems, roots
gymnosperms and angiosperms

79
Q

Gymnosperms

A

naked/seed
seeds produced in cones-male or female
groups:
cycads-look like palm leaves, tropical
ginkgo-fan-shaped leaves
gnetophytes
ephedra-southwest US, mormon tea, stimulant
welwitchla- Africa, 2 leaves, look spread apart
conifers- cone/to bear
most well-known

80
Q

Angiosperm

A

covered/seed
only plant that produces flower and fruit
2 groups: monocots and dicots
cot-cotyledon, part of the seed that stores energy

81
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
no nucleus
no organelles
ring DNA strand
no sexual reproduction
1 cell in organism
bacteria, cyanobacteria (algae)
82
Q

Eukaryote

A 
nucleus, other organelles
pairs of DNA 
sexual reproduction-cells can split
1+ cells 
animals, plants, fungi
83
Q

Conifer

A

have seeds for reproduction

84
Q

Gymnosperm reproduction

A

sporophyte dominant
sperm found inside pollen grains-no longer tied to the water-can live in numerous environments
wind-pollinated

85
Q

Male and Female Cones

A

male-produce pollen (contain sperm)-smaller

female-egg (seed)-big, stronger looking

86
Q

Pollination

A

pollen is transferred from the male structure (parts) to the female parts
male cone->female cone
comes before fertilization

87
Q

Fertilization

A

joining of egg and sperm

comes after pollination

88
Q

Angiosperm Reproduction

A

reproduce with seeds

less time from pollination to fertilization (days to weeks)

89
Q

Flowers

A

improve pollination, make less pollen because animals carry it

90
Q

Fruit

A

improves seed dispersal

91
Q

Jobs of Roots

A

uptake of water and minerals
anchors
transport water out and sugars in

92
Q

Jobs of Stems

A

[xylem and phloem]
support leaves, flowers, fruit
transport materials from roots to leaves and leaves to roots

93
Q

Jobs of Leaves

A

photosynthesis
transport water in (and sugars out usually)
gas exchange-stomata (holes in the leaves) [can open and close]

94
Q

Function of Flower Petals

A 
attracts pollinators
different colors, shapes, sizes
bees-yellow or white open flowers
tube-shaped, red/white-hummingbird
tube-shaped other colors: butterflies
white flowers-bats, moths
95
Q

Sepals

A

usually green, protect flower when it’s developing

96
Q

Anther

A

produce pollen

97
Q

Filament

A

holds anther up so pollinator comes into contact with pollen

98
Q

Stigma

A

sticky, hairy so pollen will stick

99
Q

Style

A

holds stigma high, encourages contact

100
Q

Ovary

A 
produces eggs
how pollen gets to egg-through pollen tube 
number of eggs=number of pollen seeds
fertilized egg->seed
ovary wall->fruit
101
Q

Methods fruit is dispersed

A

animal, wind, water, mechanical

102
Q

Animal dispersal

A

through digestive system-hard coat on seed, fleshy fruit, apples
carry, burry, forget-squirrels with nuts
on fur, clothes

103
Q

Wind Dispersal

A

dandelions, “helicopters,” cotton

104
Q

Water Dispersal

A

floats on water, 1 coconut=1 seed

105
Q

Seed Coat

A

protects the seed

106
Q

Embryo

A

little plant in the seed

107
Q

Cotyledon

A

stores energy, primarily fats

108
Q

Endosperm

A

stores energy as starch (carbs) turns black when iodine is on it

109
Q

Hard Dormancy

A

seed will be hard and shiny
scratch seed to break hard dormancy
can also go through digestive system and be scratched

110
Q

Cold Dormancy

A

stratification
produce seeds in late summer, early fall
1-2 months of cold, moist conditions before it starts to grow (breaking)

111
Q

Chemical Dormancy

A

grow in the desert, lots of water makes it go away (washed away)

112
Q

Developmental Dormancy

A

orchids, seeds are released but are not germinated

113
Q

Fire Dormancy

A

conifers are common in the forest, removes competition, not a lot of light in the forest, nutrients released

114
Q

Aquatic

A

water

115
Q

Marine

A

high concentration of salt

116
Q

Fresh water

A

low concentration of salt

117
Q

Terrestrial

A

on land

118
Q

Sessile

A

can’t freely move from one location to another

119
Q

Free-living

A

can move from one location to another

120
Q

Parasitic

A

live on another organism
endoparasites-inside the host-tapeworm
ectoparasites-outside the host-tics

121
Q

Bilateral

A

can divide into two lateral sides (humans)

122
Q

Radial

A

more than two axis (star, sphere)

123
Q

Hermaphroditic or Bisexual

A

both male and female organs

124
Q

Unisexual

A

only has one sex throughout life

125
Q

Anterior

A

top half

126
Q

Posterior

A

bottom half

127
Q

Lateral

A

side

128
Q

Dorsal

A

back side

129
Q

Ventral

A

front side

130
Q

Oviparous

A

lays eggs

egg/to bear

131
Q

Viviparous

A

live/to bear

live birth

132
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

have egg, but hatch internally

venomous snakes

133
Q

Pelvic

A

hips, lower limbs attach

134
Q

Pectoral

A

chest, upper limbs attach

135
Q

Cephalo-

A

head

136
Q

Caudal-

A

tail

Field And Lab Biology (21 decks)

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