Test 2 Flashcards
Biosphere
life/earth
Biome
depends on climate, dominant vegetation, 9-11 on earth
Ecosystem
how organisms interact with their environment
Community
how organisms interact with each other within multiple spaces
Population
individuals of a single species that live within a boundary
Organism
basic unit of life, unique living entity
Organelle
organs within cell, everyone has a job
ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus
Cell
basic unit of life
Molecule
phospholipid, protein
Atom
makes up molecules
Sub-Atomic Particle
protons, neutrons, electrons
Meta
change
Catabolism
to break down
takes something big and breaks it up
Anabolism
to build up
takes something small and builds it up
Photosynthesis
light/together/process
anabolic process of putting things together with light
6CO2+6H2O=>C6H12O6+6O2
substrates=light/chlorophyll=>product (sugar and oxygen)
Cellular Respiration
catabolic process
everything does this
opposite of photosynthesis
C6H12O6+6O2=>6CO2+6H2O+energy (ATP)
Autotrophic
self/to nourish, feed
can do photosynthesis
plants
Heterotrophic
other/to nourish
can’t to photosynthesis, eat others for energy
animals
Organizing Organisms
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Domains
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarae
Kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
How to identify species
standardized name, same everywhere
genus is the first name, then whole name is the species
genus capitalized
whole name italicized or underlined
Prokaryote
before/seed, nut=>nucleus
Eukaryote
true/nut=>nucleus
Kingdom Monera
bacteria and cyanobacteria
Where bacteria are found
everywhere, but not all are living
Spores
dormant form of bacteria
Conditions for bacteria to grow
moist conditions, food source, most like warm conditions
Nutrient agar
agar (provides moisture, comes from brown algae, glue that holds cells together)+nutrient broth (food source)
How to kill living bacteria cells
bleach, alcohol, ammonia
How to kill spores
high temperature and high pressure
Autoclave
provides the conditions necessary to kill spores
Food examples of bacteria
yogurt, cheese, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles
Agriculture examples of bacteria
silage, bacillus thoringensis (Bt) [compound that kills insects in corn, can be good or bad], methane (CH4) [can produce when there’s no oxygen, landfills produce component of natural gas that can make electricit] (1 molecule of methane=30 molecules of CO2) [decomposition without oxygen=>methane]
E. coli
vitamin K
lives in large intestine
everybody has special E. coli bacteria in their body, when you eat somebody else’s E. coli (poop), the bacteria strands don’t agree and sickness happens. E. coli should not be anywhere besides large intestine.
Greenhouse gases
trap heat, CO2, CH4
Bad bacteria
can cause diseases, or create something that causes disease
tetnis, STDs, pneumonia (some), strep throat, anthrax (soil bacteria, natural is ok), black plague (bubonic, flea bite, rats, prairie dogs)
Neutral bacteria
soil (so many not named because we are not able to grow them)
decomposers
Bacteria shapes
strepto-(chain) staphlo- (cluster) coccus o o o o ooooooooo oooooooooo bacillus l l l l l l ------------ spirillium sssss one o, l, or s=>1 bacteria
Identifying bacteria
what shape it is
Cyanobacteria
mostly aquatic one terrestrial (Nostoc) =>own green slime
Structure of cyanobacteria
oooOooo (cyanobacteria)
hydroscopic (sheath, take up water, make temp. pond)
Nitrogen Fixation
converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a plant-available form of nitrogen (NH4)
all cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen, some bacteria-rhizobia (soil)
Atmosphere
nitrogen-78%-not available, short supply
oxygen-21%
carbon dioxide and other-1%
Nitrogen
everything needs nitrogen for proteins, DNA
lots of energy to break triple covalent bond N=-N
no excess energy to break bonds, not the right tools
plant available=> NH4+ (ammonium) NO3- (nitrate)
Symbiosis
together/life/process
process of living together
parasites (one organism benefits and the other doesn’t)
Mutualism
both members benefit
Examples of mutualism
legumes (available nitrogen source) and rhizobias (root; sugars, low oxygen home)
us (vitamin K) and bacteria (E. coli; warm home, food source)
Kingdom Protista
animal like-protozoans
plant like-algae
fungi like-slime mold, water mold
Movement of protistas
ways to move, because only one cell
flagella: tail-like structure, can have more than one
cilia: little hairs, hundreds that all work together
amoeboid: cell membrane is flexible, moves where the cell wants to go (pseudopoda: fake/foot)
Dormancy types
what they run out of first (slime mold)
sclerotia- dry dormancy (runs out of water first) (yellow)
sporangia- produce spores (coarse-looking)
Slime mold life process
dormant (slime mold sclerotia) + food and water=> active slime mold
/ \
runs out of food runs out of water
spores=>join together sclerotia
but don’t split; multi-nucleate cell
make new nucleus, but cell does not split
Green Algae
chlorophyll a & b-same as plants
most diverse, most plentiful
Red Algae
marine, edible
carrageenan-glue that holds red algae together, prevents ice crystals from forming; ice cream, lotion, makeup, pudding
Brown Algae
large seaweed agar edible marine kelp (north California, New England, HUGE) sargassum
Eugleriophyta
Euglena
no cell wall, eye spot, chlorophyll, autotrophic or heterotrophic, eat other organisms or do photosynthesis
Dinoflagellates
di-2, dino-terrible, flagellate-to whip
2 flagella
reddish orange color
Red Tide=>population explosion, water looks red, usually happens along marine shores, warm water and lots of nutrients, pollution causes more of it, large-scale fish kills-toxin that causes neurological problems
Diatoms and Desmids
golden brown and yellow green
cell walls are made of silica (what glass is made of)
diatomaceous earth (what’s left after the water goes away)=> toothpaste, cleaners (scrubbing), physical insecticide)
every body of water has a unique group of diatoms, cell walls can be used to identify different species
Algae
different kinds of chlorophyll and other pigments in algae
How life is organized
Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Sub-Atomic Particle
Benefits of fungi
yeast (bread, alcohol), cheese, penicillin, antibiotics, nutrients and plants would not recycle
Hypha
What mushrooms are made of, one cell wide, can only split in one direction
Mycelium
hyphae woven together
myc-fungi
Spores
structures when mold reproduces and goes into dormancy
Zygomycetes
most are simple, small
bread mold, Pilobolus
Pilobolus conditions
to grow: spores must pass through digestive system of grazing herbivore
to shoot spores: light
Ascomycetes
truffles, morels (expensive mushrooms)
dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, food spoilage molds
ergot- affects rye, wheat, St. Antony’s fire, toxin that closes blood vessels and causes hallucinations
Basidiomycetes
club
typical mushrooms, self fungi, puff balls [white, edible puff of spores]
Deuteromycetes
imperfect fungi, asexual reproduction only, penicillin, athlete’s foot, candida albicans (yeast infection), ringworm, bleu cheese, brie, tofu, soy sauce, saki
Fungi Mutualisms
Mycorrhizae: fruit/fungi, 80% of all known plants
plant gets available nutrients, phosphorus and metals
fungi gets sugars
Lichen-Fungi+algae or cyanobacteria
crust on rocks, wood
mycelium-combo of hyphae and algae or cyanobacteria
can grow anywhere, after a volcano, in the Arctic
fungi gets sugars
algae or cyanobacteria gets a moist home
3 forms:
crustose-looks crusty
foliose-looks like leaves
fruticose-shrubby
Vascular System
transport system, transports materials throughout the organism
Transport tissues
xylem: transports water, bottom to top
phloem: transports sugar, bottom to top and top to bottom
Lower Plants
nonvascular small size moist environment to grow reproduce with spores examples: moss, liverworts
Peat moss/Sphagnum
potting soil, peat pellet, peat pots
look at drawing of peat pond
Liverwort
flat, look like tongues
wort: plant
common, wet locations, damp soil
Primitive Vascular Plants
moist environment,
reproduce with spores
no xylem and phloem
no roots (underground stems), only ferns have leaves, stems
Groups of Primitive Vascular Plants
whisk ferns
club mosses: lycopodium (coal, ground pine), seleginella (desert, resurrection plant)
Equisetum: (horse tail, scouring rush) near water
Ferns: spores look like spots under leaf, wet environment, only one with leaves
Advanced Vascular Plants
reproduce with seeds
pollen for reproduction
have leaves, stems, roots
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms
naked/seed
seeds produced in cones-male or female
groups:
cycads-look like palm leaves, tropical
ginkgo-fan-shaped leaves
gnetophytes
ephedra-southwest US, mormon tea, stimulant
welwitchla- Africa, 2 leaves, look spread apart
conifers- cone/to bear
most well-known
Angiosperm
covered/seed
only plant that produces flower and fruit
2 groups: monocots and dicots
cot-cotyledon, part of the seed that stores energy
Prokaryotes
no nucleus no organelles ring DNA strand no sexual reproduction 1 cell in organism bacteria, cyanobacteria (algae)
Eukaryote
nucleus, other organelles pairs of DNA sexual reproduction-cells can split 1+ cells animals, plants, fungi
Conifer
have seeds for reproduction
Gymnosperm reproduction
sporophyte dominant
sperm found inside pollen grains-no longer tied to the water-can live in numerous environments
wind-pollinated
Male and Female Cones
male-produce pollen (contain sperm)-smaller
female-egg (seed)-big, stronger looking
Pollination
pollen is transferred from the male structure (parts) to the female parts
male cone->female cone
comes before fertilization
Fertilization
joining of egg and sperm
comes after pollination
Angiosperm Reproduction
reproduce with seeds
less time from pollination to fertilization (days to weeks)
Flowers
improve pollination, make less pollen because animals carry it
Fruit
improves seed dispersal
Jobs of Roots
uptake of water and minerals
anchors
transport water out and sugars in
Jobs of Stems
[xylem and phloem]
support leaves, flowers, fruit
transport materials from roots to leaves and leaves to roots
Jobs of Leaves
photosynthesis
transport water in (and sugars out usually)
gas exchange-stomata (holes in the leaves) [can open and close]
Function of Flower Petals
attracts pollinators different colors, shapes, sizes bees-yellow or white open flowers tube-shaped, red/white-hummingbird tube-shaped other colors: butterflies white flowers-bats, moths
Sepals
usually green, protect flower when it’s developing
Anther
produce pollen
Filament
holds anther up so pollinator comes into contact with pollen
Stigma
sticky, hairy so pollen will stick
Style
holds stigma high, encourages contact
Ovary
produces eggs how pollen gets to egg-through pollen tube number of eggs=number of pollen seeds fertilized egg->seed ovary wall->fruit
Methods fruit is dispersed
animal, wind, water, mechanical
Animal dispersal
through digestive system-hard coat on seed, fleshy fruit, apples
carry, burry, forget-squirrels with nuts
on fur, clothes
Wind Dispersal
dandelions, “helicopters,” cotton
Water Dispersal
floats on water, 1 coconut=1 seed
Seed Coat
protects the seed
Embryo
little plant in the seed
Cotyledon
stores energy, primarily fats
Endosperm
stores energy as starch (carbs) turns black when iodine is on it
Hard Dormancy
seed will be hard and shiny
scratch seed to break hard dormancy
can also go through digestive system and be scratched
Cold Dormancy
stratification
produce seeds in late summer, early fall
1-2 months of cold, moist conditions before it starts to grow (breaking)
Chemical Dormancy
grow in the desert, lots of water makes it go away (washed away)
Developmental Dormancy
orchids, seeds are released but are not germinated
Fire Dormancy
conifers are common in the forest, removes competition, not a lot of light in the forest, nutrients released
Aquatic
water
Marine
high concentration of salt
Fresh water
low concentration of salt
Terrestrial
on land
Sessile
can’t freely move from one location to another
Free-living
can move from one location to another
Parasitic
live on another organism
endoparasites-inside the host-tapeworm
ectoparasites-outside the host-tics
Bilateral
can divide into two lateral sides (humans)
Radial
more than two axis (star, sphere)
Hermaphroditic or Bisexual
both male and female organs
Unisexual
only has one sex throughout life
Anterior
top half
Posterior
bottom half
Lateral
side
Dorsal
back side
Ventral
front side
Oviparous
lays eggs
egg/to bear
Viviparous
live/to bear
live birth
Ovoviviparous
have egg, but hatch internally
venomous snakes
Pelvic
hips, lower limbs attach
Pectoral
chest, upper limbs attach
Cephalo-
head
Caudal-
tail
