Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Biosphere
A
life/earth
2
Q
Biome
A
depends on climate, dominant vegetation, 9-11 on earth
3
Q
Ecosystem
A
how organisms interact with their environment
4
Q
Community
A
how organisms interact with each other within multiple spaces
5
Q
Population
A
individuals of a single species that live within a boundary
6
Q
Organism
A
basic unit of life, unique living entity
7
Q
Organelle
A
organs within cell, everyone has a job
ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus
8
Q
Cell
A
basic unit of life
9
Q
Molecule
A
phospholipid, protein
10
Q
Atom
A
makes up molecules
11
Q
Sub-Atomic Particle
A
protons, neutrons, electrons
12
Q
Meta
A
change
13
Q
Catabolism
A
to break down
takes something big and breaks it up
14
Q
Anabolism
A
to build up
takes something small and builds it up
15
Q
Photosynthesis
A
light/together/process
anabolic process of putting things together with light
6CO2+6H2O=>C6H12O6+6O2
substrates=light/chlorophyll=>product (sugar and oxygen)
16
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
catabolic process
everything does this
opposite of photosynthesis
C6H12O6+6O2=>6CO2+6H2O+energy (ATP)
17
Q
Autotrophic
A
self/to nourish, feed
can do photosynthesis
plants
18
Q
Heterotrophic
A
other/to nourish
can’t to photosynthesis, eat others for energy
animals
19
Q
Organizing Organisms
A
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
20
Q
Domains
A
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarae
21
Q
Kingdoms
A
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
22
Q
How to identify species
A
standardized name, same everywhere
genus is the first name, then whole name is the species
genus capitalized
whole name italicized or underlined
23
Q
Prokaryote
A
before/seed, nut=>nucleus
24
Q
Eukaryote
A
true/nut=>nucleus
25
Kingdom Monera
bacteria and cyanobacteria
26
Where bacteria are found
everywhere, but not all are living
27
Spores
dormant form of bacteria
28
Conditions for bacteria to grow
moist conditions, food source, most like warm conditions
29
Nutrient agar
agar (provides moisture, comes from brown algae, glue that holds cells together)+nutrient broth (food source)
30
How to kill living bacteria cells
bleach, alcohol, ammonia
31
How to kill spores
high temperature and high pressure
32
Autoclave
provides the conditions necessary to kill spores
33
Food examples of bacteria
yogurt, cheese, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles
34
Agriculture examples of bacteria
silage, bacillus thoringensis (Bt) [compound that kills insects in corn, can be good or bad], methane (CH4) [can produce when there's no oxygen, landfills produce component of natural gas that can make electricit] (1 molecule of methane=30 molecules of CO2) [decomposition without oxygen=>methane]
35
E. coli
vitamin K
lives in large intestine
everybody has special E. coli bacteria in their body, when you eat somebody else's E. coli (poop), the bacteria strands don't agree and sickness happens. E. coli should not be anywhere besides large intestine.
36
Greenhouse gases
trap heat, CO2, CH4
37
Bad bacteria
can cause diseases, or create something that causes disease
tetnis, STDs, pneumonia (some), strep throat, anthrax (soil bacteria, natural is ok), black plague (bubonic, flea bite, rats, prairie dogs)
38
Neutral bacteria
soil (so many not named because we are not able to grow them)
decomposers
39
Bacteria shapes
```
strepto-(chain) staphlo- (cluster)
coccus o o o o ooooooooo oooooooooo
bacillus l l l l l l ------------
spirillium sssss
one o, l, or s=>1 bacteria
```
40
Identifying bacteria
what shape it is
41
Cyanobacteria
```
mostly aquatic
one terrestrial (Nostoc) =>own green slime
```
42
Structure of cyanobacteria
oooOooo (cyanobacteria)
| hydroscopic (sheath, take up water, make temp. pond)
43
Nitrogen Fixation
converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a plant-available form of nitrogen (NH4)
all cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen, some bacteria-rhizobia (soil)
44
Atmosphere
nitrogen-78%-not available, short supply
oxygen-21%
carbon dioxide and other-1%
45
Nitrogen
everything needs nitrogen for proteins, DNA
lots of energy to break triple covalent bond N=-N
no excess energy to break bonds, not the right tools
plant available=> NH4+ (ammonium) NO3- (nitrate)
46
Symbiosis
together/life/process
process of living together
parasites (one organism benefits and the other doesn't)
47
Mutualism
both members benefit
48
Examples of mutualism
legumes (available nitrogen source) and rhizobias (root; sugars, low oxygen home)
us (vitamin K) and bacteria (E. coli; warm home, food source)
49
Kingdom Protista
animal like-protozoans
plant like-algae
fungi like-slime mold, water mold
50
Movement of protistas
ways to move, because only one cell
flagella: tail-like structure, can have more than one
cilia: little hairs, hundreds that all work together
amoeboid: cell membrane is flexible, moves where the cell wants to go (pseudopoda: fake/foot)
51
Dormancy types
what they run out of first (slime mold)
sclerotia- dry dormancy (runs out of water first) (yellow)
sporangia- produce spores (coarse-looking)
52
Slime mold life process
dormant (slime mold sclerotia) + food and water=> active slime mold
/ \
runs out of food runs out of water
spores=>join together sclerotia
but don't split; multi-nucleate cell
make new nucleus, but cell does not split
53
Green Algae
chlorophyll a & b-same as plants
| most diverse, most plentiful
54
Red Algae
marine, edible
| carrageenan-glue that holds red algae together, prevents ice crystals from forming; ice cream, lotion, makeup, pudding
55
Brown Algae
```
large seaweed
agar
edible
marine
kelp (north California, New England, HUGE)
sargassum
```
56
Eugleriophyta
Euglena
| no cell wall, eye spot, chlorophyll, autotrophic or heterotrophic, eat other organisms or do photosynthesis
57
Dinoflagellates
di-2, dino-terrible, flagellate-to whip
2 flagella
reddish orange color
Red Tide=>population explosion, water looks red, usually happens along marine shores, warm water and lots of nutrients, pollution causes more of it, large-scale fish kills-toxin that causes neurological problems
58
Diatoms and Desmids
golden brown and yellow green
cell walls are made of silica (what glass is made of)
diatomaceous earth (what's left after the water goes away)=> toothpaste, cleaners (scrubbing), physical insecticide)
every body of water has a unique group of diatoms, cell walls can be used to identify different species
59
Algae
different kinds of chlorophyll and other pigments in algae
60
How life is organized
```
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Molecule
Atom
Sub-Atomic Particle
```
61
Benefits of fungi
yeast (bread, alcohol), cheese, penicillin, antibiotics, nutrients and plants would not recycle
62
Hypha
What mushrooms are made of, one cell wide, can only split in one direction
63
Mycelium
hyphae woven together
| myc-fungi
64
Spores
structures when mold reproduces and goes into dormancy
65
Zygomycetes
most are simple, small
| bread mold, Pilobolus
66
Pilobolus conditions
to grow: spores must pass through digestive system of grazing herbivore
to shoot spores: light
67
Ascomycetes
truffles, morels (expensive mushrooms)
dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, food spoilage molds
ergot- affects rye, wheat, St. Antony's fire, toxin that closes blood vessels and causes hallucinations
68
Basidiomycetes
club
| typical mushrooms, self fungi, puff balls [white, edible puff of spores]
69
Deuteromycetes
imperfect fungi, asexual reproduction only, penicillin, athlete's foot, candida albicans (yeast infection), ringworm, bleu cheese, brie, tofu, soy sauce, saki
70
Fungi Mutualisms
Mycorrhizae: fruit/fungi, 80% of all known plants
plant gets available nutrients, phosphorus and metals
fungi gets sugars
Lichen-Fungi+algae or cyanobacteria
crust on rocks, wood
mycelium-combo of hyphae and algae or cyanobacteria
can grow anywhere, after a volcano, in the Arctic
fungi gets sugars
algae or cyanobacteria gets a moist home
3 forms:
crustose-looks crusty
foliose-looks like leaves
fruticose-shrubby
71
Vascular System
transport system, transports materials throughout the organism
72
Transport tissues
xylem: transports water, bottom to top
phloem: transports sugar, bottom to top and top to bottom
73
Lower Plants
```
nonvascular
small size
moist environment to grow
reproduce with spores
examples: moss, liverworts
```
74
Peat moss/Sphagnum
potting soil, peat pellet, peat pots
| look at drawing of peat pond
75
Liverwort
flat, look like tongues
wort: plant
common, wet locations, damp soil
76
Primitive Vascular Plants
moist environment,
reproduce with spores
no xylem and phloem
no roots (underground stems), only ferns have leaves, stems
77
Groups of Primitive Vascular Plants
whisk ferns
club mosses: lycopodium (coal, ground pine), seleginella (desert, resurrection plant)
Equisetum: (horse tail, scouring rush) near water
Ferns: spores look like spots under leaf, wet environment, only one with leaves
78
Advanced Vascular Plants
reproduce with seeds
pollen for reproduction
have leaves, stems, roots
gymnosperms and angiosperms
79
Gymnosperms
naked/seed
seeds produced in cones-male or female
groups:
cycads-look like palm leaves, tropical
ginkgo-fan-shaped leaves
gnetophytes
ephedra-southwest US, mormon tea, stimulant
welwitchla- Africa, 2 leaves, look spread apart
conifers- cone/to bear
most well-known
80
Angiosperm
covered/seed
only plant that produces flower and fruit
2 groups: monocots and dicots
cot-cotyledon, part of the seed that stores energy
81
Prokaryotes
```
no nucleus
no organelles
ring DNA strand
no sexual reproduction
1 cell in organism
bacteria, cyanobacteria (algae)
```
82
Eukaryote
```
nucleus, other organelles
pairs of DNA
sexual reproduction-cells can split
1+ cells
animals, plants, fungi
```
83
Conifer
have seeds for reproduction
84
Gymnosperm reproduction
sporophyte dominant
sperm found inside pollen grains-no longer tied to the water-can live in numerous environments
wind-pollinated
85
Male and Female Cones
male-produce pollen (contain sperm)-smaller
| female-egg (seed)-big, stronger looking
86
Pollination
pollen is transferred from the male structure (parts) to the female parts
male cone->female cone
comes before fertilization
87
Fertilization
joining of egg and sperm
| comes after pollination
88
Angiosperm Reproduction
reproduce with seeds
| less time from pollination to fertilization (days to weeks)
89
Flowers
improve pollination, make less pollen because animals carry it
90
Fruit
improves seed dispersal
91
Jobs of Roots
uptake of water and minerals
anchors
transport water out and sugars in
92
Jobs of Stems
[xylem and phloem]
support leaves, flowers, fruit
transport materials from roots to leaves and leaves to roots
93
Jobs of Leaves
photosynthesis
transport water in (and sugars out usually)
gas exchange-stomata (holes in the leaves) [can open and close]
94
Function of Flower Petals
```
attracts pollinators
different colors, shapes, sizes
bees-yellow or white open flowers
tube-shaped, red/white-hummingbird
tube-shaped other colors: butterflies
white flowers-bats, moths
```
95
Sepals
usually green, protect flower when it's developing
96
Anther
produce pollen
97
Filament
holds anther up so pollinator comes into contact with pollen
98
Stigma
sticky, hairy so pollen will stick
99
Style
holds stigma high, encourages contact
100
Ovary
```
produces eggs
how pollen gets to egg-through pollen tube
number of eggs=number of pollen seeds
fertilized egg->seed
ovary wall->fruit
```
101
Methods fruit is dispersed
animal, wind, water, mechanical
102
Animal dispersal
through digestive system-hard coat on seed, fleshy fruit, apples
carry, burry, forget-squirrels with nuts
on fur, clothes
103
Wind Dispersal
dandelions, "helicopters," cotton
104
Water Dispersal
floats on water, 1 coconut=1 seed
105
Seed Coat
protects the seed
106
Embryo
little plant in the seed
107
Cotyledon
stores energy, primarily fats
108
Endosperm
stores energy as starch (carbs) turns black when iodine is on it
109
Hard Dormancy
seed will be hard and shiny
scratch seed to break hard dormancy
can also go through digestive system and be scratched
110
Cold Dormancy
stratification
produce seeds in late summer, early fall
1-2 months of cold, moist conditions before it starts to grow (breaking)
111
Chemical Dormancy
grow in the desert, lots of water makes it go away (washed away)
112
Developmental Dormancy
orchids, seeds are released but are not germinated
113
Fire Dormancy
conifers are common in the forest, removes competition, not a lot of light in the forest, nutrients released
114
Aquatic
water
115
Marine
high concentration of salt
116
Fresh water
low concentration of salt
117
Terrestrial
on land
118
Sessile
can't freely move from one location to another
119
Free-living
can move from one location to another
120
Parasitic
live on another organism
endoparasites-inside the host-tapeworm
ectoparasites-outside the host-tics
121
Bilateral
can divide into two lateral sides (humans)
122
Radial
more than two axis (star, sphere)
123
Hermaphroditic or Bisexual
both male and female organs
124
Unisexual
only has one sex throughout life
125
Anterior
top half
126
Posterior
bottom half
127
Lateral
side
128
Dorsal
back side
129
Ventral
front side
130
Oviparous
lays eggs
| egg/to bear
131
Viviparous
live/to bear
| live birth
132
Ovoviviparous
have egg, but hatch internally
| venomous snakes
133
Pelvic
hips, lower limbs attach
134
Pectoral
chest, upper limbs attach
135
Cephalo-
head
136
Caudal-
tail
