Test #2

Question 1

What two systems make up the Nervous System?

Answer 1

Central and Peripheral

Question 2

What are the two types of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 2

Sensory and Motor Cortexes

Question 3

What four stored programs are played back to initiate motor tasks in which motor units are recruited in precise pattern?

Answer 3

Time, Space, Frequency, Amplitude

Question 4

What are motor tasks that are played back termed as?

Answer 4

Muscle Memory

Question 5

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system called?

Answer 5

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

Question 6

What are neurons responsible for?

Answer 6

Generating and transmitting signals

Question 7

Name four parts of the Peripheral Nervous System.

Answer 7

Sensory, Somatic Motor, Autonomic, and Internuerons.

Question 8

Define these terms of the Nervous system:
A)Sensory

B)Somatic Motor

C)Autonomic

D)Interneurons

Answer 8

A) Sensory: Transmit impulses from receptors in skin, joints, muscles, & other peripheral aspects of the body TO the CNS.

B) Somatic Motor: Transmit voluntary impulses to muscle tissue FROM the CNS.

C) Autonomic: Carries involuntary impulses to the heart, smooth muscle, & glands FROM the CNS.

D) Interneurons: Connecting neurons within the spinal cord between Sensory & Motor neurons

Question 9

What is a Motor Unit?

Answer 9

A single motor neuron & all muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 10

Does a Motor Unit function as a single unit or multiple units?

Answer 10

Single unit

Question 11

What two types of contractions do Motor Units provide?

Answer 11

Fast Twitch & Slow Twich

Question 12

How many muscle fibers are in these types?
A) Small
B) Large

Answer 12

A) 10-100 muscle fibers

B) 300+ muscle fibers

Question 13

Describe the Action Potential process.

Answer 13

Ion flow changes the polarization of the membrane.
Must reach threshold (irritability)
Once stimulus is received, nerve will propagate its signal (conductivity)
All fibers contract maximally or not at all (all or none)

Question 14

Is there a voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Movement of charged ions across an excitable cell membrane causes the resting membrane voltage to ____________.

Answer 15

Reverse

Question 16

Breaks in the myelinated membrane (_____ of _________) between Schwann cells increases the conduction ________ of the AP. What is this called?

Answer 16

nodes of Ranvier; velocity

Salutary Conduction.

Question 17

Why is gray matter gray and white matter white?

Answer 17

Gray matter has cells in it, white matter is myelinated.

Question 18

What must neurons do to reach threshold?

Answer 18

Gather enough excitatory

Question 19

What causes contraction?

Answer 19

Calcium causes contraction

Question 20

Na ions carry + charges (inward/outward), making the (inside/outside) more positive.

Answer 20

Inward; Inside

Question 21

K ions move + charges (inward/outward), making the (inside/outside) more positive.

Answer 21

Outward; Outside

Question 22

Resting potential is usually ______

Answer 22

Negative

Question 23

What does the Sodium-Potassium pump do?

Answer 23

Helps maintain resting potential.

Question 24

What wraps around bone?

Answer 24

Periosteum

Question 25

What wraps around muscle bundle?

Answer 25

Epimysium

Question 26

What wraps the muscle fascicle?

Answer 26

Perimysium

Question 27

What wraps muscle fibers?

Answer 27

Endomysium

Question 28

What is the smallest functional unit of muscle?

Answer 28

Sarcolemma

Question 29

How is force maintained during Titin extension?

Answer 29

When it binds to Actin

Question 30

What is the function of the Nebulin?

Answer 30

Bind to capping protein Tropamodulin and regulates Actin length

Question 31

What helps in force transmission between muscle cells?

Answer 31

Cytoskeleton

Question 32

Lack of Desmin results in what?

Answer 32

Muscle fatigue

Question 33

What is true of Action Potentials and Motor Units regarding muscles?

Answer 33

Muscles are recruited in orderly fashion and are based on size. (1st -> 3rd, Smaller -> Larger)

Question 34

What is true of the first motor units recruited during an action potential?

Answer 34

Tend to be smaller, Type I Fibers, better Metabolism, more Mitochondria.

Question 35

What is true of the second motor units recruited during an action potential?

Answer 35

Type II Fibers, tend to be larger, more lactate generated

Question 36

What is true of the third motor units recruited during an action potential?

Answer 36

Type II Fibers, tend to be larger, more lactate generated.

Question 37

How does the Neuromuscular Junction work?

Answer 37

Converts electrical signal to chemical signal.
Depolarizes back to electrical signal.
Primary neurotransmitter is ACh.
Mitochondria allow energy to move into Cleft.

Question 38

Describe how Sliding Filament Theory works.

Answer 38

Resting State: Not bound, chamber is loaded gun cocked and ready to go.
Weakly Bound State: requires Ca2+ binding.
Strongly Bound State: must release to detach.
Energy Required: Every single Myosin head in every single sarcomere require ATP to move.