Terminology

Question 0

What is Bioenergetics?

Answer 0

The chemical process of converting food into energy by enzymes

Question 1

Photosynthesis: What does Metabolism cycle when it’s trying to maintain homeostatic control?

Answer 1

Energy, CO2, H2O, & O2

Question 2

What is the difference between Anabolic and Catabolic reactions? Further define what is meant by these two terms.

Answer 2

Anabolic = Synthesis reactions
Creates molecules and is Endergonic

Catabolic = Breakdown reactions
Breaks down large molecules and is Exergonic

Question 3

What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions?

Answer 3

Endergonic = reaction that requires energy to proceed

Exergonic = reaction that gives off energy

Question 4

What does all energy eventually degrade into?

Answer 4

Heat

Question 5

What term is misused and uses energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius?

Answer 5

Calorie

Question 6

How many kilocalories (kcal) and joules are in 1000 Calories?

Answer 6

One kcal = 1000 Calories = 4186 Joules

Question 7

What cascades proteins to facilitate Metabolism and lowers the energy needed to activate reactions?

Answer 7

Enzymes

Question 8

What is the difference between Oxidation and Reduction, and do they require Oxygen or Hydrogen?

Answer 8

Oxidation = Removing an electron to an atom

Reduction = adding an electron to an atom

Often involves Hydrogen, not Oxygen

Question 9

What is Metabolism and what is it’s relevance in the body?

Answer 9

All chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain balance.

Question 10

___________ is how homeostatic control is ______________ in the body.

Answer 10

Metabolism; maintained

Question 11

What is constantly cycling as Metabolism is occurring?

Answer 11

Energy, CO2, H2O, & O2

Question 12

What is the key enzyme of Photosynthesis and what is another name for plant starch?

Answer 12

Chlorophyll; Carbohydrate

Question 13

Thermodynamics: Define free energy, enthalpy, and entrophy.

Answer 13

Free Energy: amount of energy used to perform work.

Enthaply: the total heat energy change in a reaction

Entrophy: the measure of randomness or disorder

Question 14

What four chemicals does food contain and what compound contains these?

Answer 14

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon;

Protein

Question 15

What are the Atwater values (in kcals) of Carbohydrates, Fats/Lipids, Proteins per 1 gram and which one of these compounds is actually a poor source of energy?

Answer 15

Carbs: 4 kcal
Fats/Lipids: 9 kcal
Proteins: 4 kcal

Proteins are a poor source of energy.

Question 16

True or False: Eating excess Fats/Carbohydrates makes people gain weight.

Answer 16

False; it only slows down the percent of fat/carbs that would’ve been burned.

Question 17

Define Glucogenesis and Lipogenesis.

Answer 17

Glucogenesis: Forming new Glucose

Lipogenesis: Forming new Fat/Adipose Tissue

Question 18

Explain the difference between Glucose and Glycogen.

Answer 18

Glycogen is two Glucose compounds.

Question 19

Hydrolysis of ATP releases _______ to ________ ______.

Answer 19

Energy; perform work

Question 20

Define Hydrolysis.

Answer 20

The requirement of a water molecule to complete chemical reaction/release of ATP.

Question 21

What is the main goal of Gas Transport within the human body?

Answer 21

To get Oxygen to the Mitochondria

Question 22

What is the gas transport process to get Oxygen into the human body TO the Mitochondria?

Answer 22

VO2 is inspired through the Lungs
Goes through Left Ventricle of Pulmonary Circulatory system
O2 flows from Left Ventricle within Heart Blood to the Peripheral Circulatory System
O2 is consumed within Muscle
QO2 is pushed to Mitochondria

Question 23

What is the gas transport process to get Carbon Dioxide out of the human body FROM the Mitochondria?

Answer 23

Mitochondria expends QCO2
CO2 produced within Muscle heads through the Peripheral Circulatory system
CO2 flows through the Heart Blood to the Right Ventricle
CO2 expired through the Lungs creates VCO2

Question 24

What is released when ATPase and water are applied to ATP? What molecule is released into solution and what is it’s relevance?

Answer 24

Break of ATP which releases energy, which removes Pi;

H+ is released into solution, which is the largest source of H+ during exercise.

Question 25

True or False: The longer and harder you exercise, the more energy is produced.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are the 3 Metabolic Sources of Energy (in order)?

Answer 26

Phosphorylation, Glycolysis, and Aerobic Metabolism.

Question 27

What is the duration of Phosphorylation and how many chemical reactions take place?

Answer 27

3 - 12 seconds; 1 chemical reaction

Question 28

What is the duration of Glycolysis and how many chemical reactions take place?

Answer 28

12 seconds - 2 minutes; 16 chemical reactions

Question 29

What is the duration of Aerobic Metabolism, how many chemical reactions take place, and what is the duration dependent upon?

Answer 29

2 minutes - hours; 124 chemical reactions; dependent upon intensity of exercise and fuel availability

Question 30

Define the following terms:
A) Glycolysis
B) Glygogen
C) Glycogensis

Answer 30

A) Breakdown of glucose

B) Storage of glucose

C) Break of glucose

Question 31

Match each system of metabolic energy with their respective source durations:
System 1, System 2, System 3

Long-Term Source, Immediate Source, Short-Term Source

Answer 31

System 1: Immediate Source

System 2: Short-Term Source

System 3: Long-Term Source