Terminology Flashcards
What is Bioenergetics?
The chemical process of converting food into energy by enzymes
Photosynthesis: What does Metabolism cycle when it’s trying to maintain homeostatic control?
Energy, CO2, H2O, & O2
What is the difference between Anabolic and Catabolic reactions? Further define what is meant by these two terms.
Anabolic = Synthesis reactions
Creates molecules and is Endergonic
Catabolic = Breakdown reactions
Breaks down large molecules and is Exergonic
What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions?
Endergonic = reaction that requires energy to proceed
Exergonic = reaction that gives off energy
What does all energy eventually degrade into?
Heat
What term is misused and uses energy to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
How many kilocalories (kcal) and joules are in 1000 Calories?
One kcal = 1000 Calories = 4186 Joules
What cascades proteins to facilitate Metabolism and lowers the energy needed to activate reactions?
Enzymes
What is the difference between Oxidation and Reduction, and do they require Oxygen or Hydrogen?
Oxidation = Removing an electron to an atom
Reduction = adding an electron to an atom
Often involves Hydrogen, not Oxygen
What is Metabolism and what is it’s relevance in the body?
All chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain balance.
___________ is how homeostatic control is ______________ in the body.
Metabolism; maintained
What is constantly cycling as Metabolism is occurring?
Energy, CO2, H2O, & O2
What is the key enzyme of Photosynthesis and what is another name for plant starch?
Chlorophyll; Carbohydrate
Thermodynamics: Define free energy, enthalpy, and entrophy.
Free Energy: amount of energy used to perform work.
Enthaply: the total heat energy change in a reaction
Entrophy: the measure of randomness or disorder
What four chemicals does food contain and what compound contains these?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon;
Protein
What are the Atwater values (in kcals) of Carbohydrates, Fats/Lipids, Proteins per 1 gram and which one of these compounds is actually a poor source of energy?
Carbs: 4 kcal
Fats/Lipids: 9 kcal
Proteins: 4 kcal
Proteins are a poor source of energy.
True or False: Eating excess Fats/Carbohydrates makes people gain weight.
False; it only slows down the percent of fat/carbs that would’ve been burned.
Define Glucogenesis and Lipogenesis.
Glucogenesis: Forming new Glucose
Lipogenesis: Forming new Fat/Adipose Tissue
Explain the difference between Glucose and Glycogen.
Glycogen is two Glucose compounds.
Hydrolysis of ATP releases _______ to ________ ______.
Energy; perform work
Define Hydrolysis.
The requirement of a water molecule to complete chemical reaction/release of ATP.
What is the main goal of Gas Transport within the human body?
To get Oxygen to the Mitochondria
What is the gas transport process to get Oxygen into the human body TO the Mitochondria?
VO2 is inspired through the Lungs
Goes through Left Ventricle of Pulmonary Circulatory system
O2 flows from Left Ventricle within Heart Blood to the Peripheral Circulatory System
O2 is consumed within Muscle
QO2 is pushed to Mitochondria
What is the gas transport process to get Carbon Dioxide out of the human body FROM the Mitochondria?
Mitochondria expends QCO2
CO2 produced within Muscle heads through the Peripheral Circulatory system
CO2 flows through the Heart Blood to the Right Ventricle
CO2 expired through the Lungs creates VCO2
What is released when ATPase and water are applied to ATP? What molecule is released into solution and what is it’s relevance?
Break of ATP which releases energy, which removes Pi;
H+ is released into solution, which is the largest source of H+ during exercise.
True or False: The longer and harder you exercise, the more energy is produced.
True
What are the 3 Metabolic Sources of Energy (in order)?
Phosphorylation, Glycolysis, and Aerobic Metabolism.
What is the duration of Phosphorylation and how many chemical reactions take place?
3 - 12 seconds; 1 chemical reaction
What is the duration of Glycolysis and how many chemical reactions take place?
12 seconds - 2 minutes; 16 chemical reactions
What is the duration of Aerobic Metabolism, how many chemical reactions take place, and what is the duration dependent upon?
2 minutes - hours; 124 chemical reactions; dependent upon intensity of exercise and fuel availability
Define the following terms:
A) Glycolysis
B) Glygogen
C) Glycogensis
A) Breakdown of glucose
B) Storage of glucose
C) Break of glucose
Match each system of metabolic energy with their respective source durations:
System 1, System 2, System 3
Long-Term Source, Immediate Source, Short-Term Source
System 1: Immediate Source
System 2: Short-Term Source
System 3: Long-Term Source
