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Biology For My Lazy Ass > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of life? [3]

A

Bacteria, Archaea-bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

List the six kingdoms of life. [6]

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea-bacteria
  • Protist
  • Plant
  • Fungi
  • Animal
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria? [7]

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Has only DNA and ribosomes
  • Unicellular
  • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
  • Autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Exists almost everywhere except extreme environments
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4
Q

What distinguishes archaea-bacteria from bacteria? [2]

A
  • Some have no cell wall
  • Mostly found in extreme environments
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of protists? [6]

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Has a nucleus with DNA and other organelles
  • Some unicellular, some multicellular
  • Some have no cell wall, some have a cell wall made of cellulose
  • Autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • Reproduce asexually or both asexually and sexually
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6
Q

What are the main characteristics of plants? [5]

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Autotrophic except for some (e.g. Venus flytraps)
  • Mostly sexual reproduction
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi? [5]

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Few unicellular, most multicellular
  • Cell wall made of chitin
  • Heterotrophic
  • Mostly sexual reproduction
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of animals? [5]

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • No cell wall
  • Heterotrophic
  • Sexual reproduction
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9
Q

Define photoautotroph. [1]

A

Uses light for energy to perform cellular functions

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10
Q

Define chemoautotroph. [1]

A

Uses inorganic materials for energy to perform cellular functions

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11
Q

What is a photoheterotroph? [1]

A

Uses light for energy but must consume organic biological materials for building materials

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12
Q

What is bilateral symmetry? [2]

A

Typically have a head, eyes, and a brain

more motile

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13
Q

What is radial symmetry? [2]

A

Typically no head

more sessile

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14
Q

What is a dichotomous key? [1]

A

A tool to identify known organisms using observable traits

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15
Q

What does DKPCOFGS stand for in taxonomy?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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16
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria engulfed by early eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.

A
  • Attachment on cell membrane
  • Penetration with genetic material
  • Replication
  • Assembly
  • Creation of virus capsids & DNA
  • Lysis & Release
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18
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus.

A
  • Viral genetic material inserts into host cell’s DNA
  • Provirus replicates with host cell division
  • Can translate to lytic cycle under certain environmental conditions
19
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Cocci (round)
  • Bacilli (rod)
  • Spirilla (spiral)
  • Diplo- (2 cells)
  • Staphylo- (clusters)
  • Strepto- (chains)
20
Q

What distinguishes gram-positive bacteria?

A

Deep purple color due to large amounts of peptidoglycan in cell wall

21
Q

What distinguishes gram-negative bacteria?

A

Light pink color due to less peptidoglycan in cell wall

22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The collective biochemical reactions in an organism

23
Q

What are the ways antibiotics kill bacteria?

A
  • Prevent cell wall growth
  • Prevent ribosomes from making proteins
  • Prevent DNA replication
24
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction method where a bacterium divides into two daughter cells

25
Q

What is conjugation in bacteria?

A

Transfer of chromosomes or plasmids between two bacteria through pili

26
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

A
  • Lag phase
  • Growth phase
  • Stationary phase
  • Death phase
27
Q

Fill in the blank: The scientific naming system is also known as _______.

A

binomial nomenclature

28
Q

True or False: Antibiotic resistance can occur due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

A

True

29
Q

What is a biological species?

A

When individuals can reproduce and make viable (survive and fertile) offspring.

Problem: Not always easy, or ethical, to determine reproduction between individuals.

30
Q

What is a morphological species?

A

When individuals look similar enough.

Problem: How similar or different do they have to look?

31
Q

What is a phylogenetic species?

A

When DNA is similar enough to show evolutionary history.

Problem: How similar does the DNA have to be? 99%? 99.99%?

32
Q

What is the scientific name format?

A

Genus + species

33
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A system of naming species using two terms: the genus and the species.

34
Q

Who is credited with developing binomial nomenclature?

A

Carl Linnaeus

35
Q

What are ranks in taxonomy?

A

Labels of the categories in taxonomy.

36
Q

What are taxons?

A

Specific group names within the ranks.

37
Q

What is an example of a scientific name?

A

Canis lupus

This refers to the grey wolf.

38
Q

What are flagella?

A

Tails found in some bacteria and protists that push the cell forward.

39
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Organism mobility capability to move from one place to another.

40
Q

What are cilia?

A

Small hair-like structures found in protists.

41
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

They perform coordinated motions to move non-motile cilia in animal trachea that sweep excess mucus up to the throat.

42
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

Feet-like appendages found in complex protists.

43
Q

What is the function of pseudopods?

A

They reach out, grab, and pull the cell in a direction. They can also be used to grab and swallow prey.

Example: amoebas.

Biology For My Lazy Ass (11 decks)

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