Test 2 Flashcards
What are the three domains of life? [3]
Bacteria, Archaea-bacteria, Eukarya
List the six kingdoms of life. [6]
- Bacteria
- Archaea-bacteria
- Protist
- Plant
- Fungi
- Animal
What are the characteristics of bacteria? [7]
- Prokaryotes
- Has only DNA and ribosomes
- Unicellular
- Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
- Autotrophic or heterotrophic
- Asexual reproduction
- Exists almost everywhere except extreme environments
What distinguishes archaea-bacteria from bacteria? [2]
- Some have no cell wall
- Mostly found in extreme environments
What are the characteristics of protists? [6]
- Eukaryotes
- Has a nucleus with DNA and other organelles
- Some unicellular, some multicellular
- Some have no cell wall, some have a cell wall made of cellulose
- Autotrophic or heterotrophic
- Reproduce asexually or both asexually and sexually
What are the main characteristics of plants? [5]
- Eukaryotes
- Multicellular
- Cell wall made of cellulose
- Autotrophic except for some (e.g. Venus flytraps)
- Mostly sexual reproduction
What are the characteristics of fungi? [5]
- Eukaryotes
- Few unicellular, most multicellular
- Cell wall made of chitin
- Heterotrophic
- Mostly sexual reproduction
What are the characteristics of animals? [5]
- Eukaryotes
- Multicellular
- No cell wall
- Heterotrophic
- Sexual reproduction
Define photoautotroph. [1]
Uses light for energy to perform cellular functions
Define chemoautotroph. [1]
Uses inorganic materials for energy to perform cellular functions
What is a photoheterotroph? [1]
Uses light for energy but must consume organic biological materials for building materials
What is bilateral symmetry? [2]
Typically have a head, eyes, and a brain
more motile
What is radial symmetry? [2]
Typically no head
more sessile
What is a dichotomous key? [1]
A tool to identify known organisms using observable traits
What does DKPCOFGS stand for in taxonomy?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria engulfed by early eukaryotic cells
Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.
- Attachment on cell membrane
- Penetration with genetic material
- Replication
- Assembly
- Creation of virus capsids & DNA
- Lysis & Release
Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus.
- Viral genetic material inserts into host cell’s DNA
- Provirus replicates with host cell division
- Can translate to lytic cycle under certain environmental conditions
What are the shapes of bacteria?
- Cocci (round)
- Bacilli (rod)
- Spirilla (spiral)
- Diplo- (2 cells)
- Staphylo- (clusters)
- Strepto- (chains)
What distinguishes gram-positive bacteria?
Deep purple color due to large amounts of peptidoglycan in cell wall
What distinguishes gram-negative bacteria?
Light pink color due to less peptidoglycan in cell wall
What is metabolism?
The collective biochemical reactions in an organism
What are the ways antibiotics kill bacteria?
- Prevent cell wall growth
- Prevent ribosomes from making proteins
- Prevent DNA replication
What is binary fission?
Asexual reproduction method where a bacterium divides into two daughter cells
What is conjugation in bacteria?
Transfer of chromosomes or plasmids between two bacteria through pili
What are the phases of bacterial growth?
- Lag phase
- Growth phase
- Stationary phase
- Death phase
Fill in the blank: The scientific naming system is also known as _______.
binomial nomenclature
True or False: Antibiotic resistance can occur due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
True
What is a biological species?
When individuals can reproduce and make viable (survive and fertile) offspring.
Problem: Not always easy, or ethical, to determine reproduction between individuals.
What is a morphological species?
When individuals look similar enough.
Problem: How similar or different do they have to look?
What is a phylogenetic species?
When DNA is similar enough to show evolutionary history.
Problem: How similar does the DNA have to be? 99%? 99.99%?
What is the scientific name format?
Genus + species
What is binomial nomenclature?
A system of naming species using two terms: the genus and the species.
Who is credited with developing binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linnaeus
What are ranks in taxonomy?
Labels of the categories in taxonomy.
What are taxons?
Specific group names within the ranks.
What is an example of a scientific name?
Canis lupus
This refers to the grey wolf.
What are flagella?
Tails found in some bacteria and protists that push the cell forward.
What is the function of flagella?
Organism mobility capability to move from one place to another.
What are cilia?
Small hair-like structures found in protists.
What is the function of cilia?
They perform coordinated motions to move non-motile cilia in animal trachea that sweep excess mucus up to the throat.
What are pseudopods?
Feet-like appendages found in complex protists.
What is the function of pseudopods?
They reach out, grab, and pull the cell in a direction. They can also be used to grab and swallow prey.
Example: amoebas.
