Plant Structure Flashcards
Angiosperm [2]
• Flowering plant
• Reproduce sexually by way of flowers
Tissue [2]
• Group of cells that are the same
• All perform a certain task
Types of tissues for angiosperms [4]
• Vascular
• Ground
• Meristematic
• Protective
Examples of organs in angiosperms [4]
• Roots
• Shoots
• Leaves
• Flowers
Vascular Tissues [2]
• Xylem
• Phloem
Function of Vascular Tissues [1]
• Transport materials from one part of the organism to the other part
Function of Xylem [2]
• To conduct xylem sap
(water & minerals)
• Transport xylem sap from the roots to all other parts of the plant
Names of water conducting cells
of xylem [2]
• Vessel elements
• Tracheids
Vessel elements [2]
• Only found in angiosperms
• Connects to other vessel elements end-to-end to form a vessel
*Vessel [5]
• Consists of many vessel elements that are connected end-to-end
• Long, hollow, tube-like structure
• The ends of the vessel are either absent or perforated (i.e. have holes)
• Xylem sap passes through one vessel to the next vertically
• Often surrounded by other vessels, allowing xylem sap to pass through the vessels laterally
*Tracheids [4]
• Found in all vascular plants
• Have sharply angled ends
• Have many pits
• Much narrower than vessel elements
Function of Phloem [2]
• To transport water & dissolved sugars
• The water & dissolved sugars transport from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Names of cells that make up most of the Pholem [2]
• Companion cells
• Sieve tube cells
Sieve tube cells [4]
• Most phloem cells are sieve tube cells
• Smaller than xylem vessel elements
• At maturity, sieve tube elements lacks a nucleus
• The cytoplasm of the each sieve tube element is connected to the companion cell through pores
Companion cells [2]
• Each companion cell possesses a nucleus
• Directs the operations of sieve tube cells by directing the water and sugar in and out of the phloem
Types of Ground tissues and How they differ from each other [3+1]
• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma
• They differ in the thickness of their cell walls
Parenchyma [2]
• They have the thinnest and flexible cell walls
• Parenchyma tissue is found in all parts of a plant
Function of Parenchyma [3]
• Provides support
• Stores water and sugars for the plant
• Performs photosynthesis ( from the cells in leaves with chloroplasts)
Collenchyma [1] and its function [1]
• Specialised type of parenchyma cells with thicker and more rigid primary cell walls
• Collenchyma tissue provides support primarily in stems
Sclerenchyma [2] and its function [1]
• Has the thickest and the most rigid secondary cell walls
• Tends to be dead at maturity, and the cells then consist only of their secondary cell walls
Function:
• Important in protection and support of plant stems and other structures
Lignin [2]
• Plastic-like phenolic polymer
• It is common in the secondary cell walls of cells found in wood
Cellulose [1]
• Present in secondary cell walls
Cellulose and lignin [2] and their function [1]
• Deposited on the inside of primary cell walls of xylem cells to produce rigid secondary cell walls
• When these secondary cell walls are complete, the cytoplasm inside the cell dies, leaving dead xylem cells
Function:
• To strengthen the organ of plants
Difference between primary and secondary cell walls [1]
• Primary cell walls are less rigid, but more flexible than secondary cell walls
