Plant 3

Question 1

What are the two main parts of a plant?

Answer 1

Roots and shoot

The shoot includes stems and leaves.

Question 2

List the four functions of roots.

Answer 2

• Anchor the plant into soil
• Absorb water and minerals
• Store starch and nutrients
• Transport substances to the rest of the plant

Each function plays a crucial role in the plant’s survival and growth.

Question 3

What is the main function of leaves?

Answer 3

Photosynthesis

Leaves are critical for converting light energy into chemical energy.

Question 4

What are the functions of stems?

Answer 4

• Support leaves
• Transport sugars from leaves down
• Store starch and nutrients
• Transport water, minerals, nutrients

Stems play a vital role in the plant’s overall structure and nutrient distribution.

Question 5

What are flowering plants also known as?

Answer 5

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are characterized by their flowering and seed-producing capabilities.

Question 6

Into how many subclasses can flowering plants be split?

Answer 6

Two

The subclasses are Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of Monocotyledons (like grass, scallions, tulips)? [5]

Answer 7

• Vascular bundles randomly scattered
• Only one cotyledon (seed leaves)
• Flower parts in multiples of 3
• Narrow leaves with parallel veins
• Fibrous roots (like whiskers)

Monocots typically have simpler structures in comparison to dicots.

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Dicotyledons (like maple tree, oak tree, bushes)? [5]

Answer 8

• Vascular bundles in a ring
• Two cotyledons (seed leaves)
• Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
• Broad leaves with net venation
• Tap root system
  ## Footnote

Dicots generally have more complex structures.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The first leaves of a seed are called _______.

Answer 9

Cotyledons

Cotyledons are essential for the initial growth of the plant.

Question 10

What are the three parts of a seed?

Answer 10

Seed coat, endosperm, embryo

The seed coat protects the seed, the endosperm stores nutrients, and the embryo is the starting plant.

Question 11

What is the function of the endosperm in a seed?

Answer 11

To store nutrients for the starting plant

Endosperm provides essential nutrients during the early stages of plant growth.

Question 12

What type of root do dicots typically have?

Answer 12

Taproot

Taproots are long, thick roots that extend deep into the soil.

Question 13

List three common plants that have taproots.

Answer 13

• Carrots
• Beets
• Radishes

These plants are examples of dicots with taproots.

Question 14

What type of root do monocots typically have?

Answer 14

Fibrous root

Fibrous roots extend laterally and are common in plants like grasses.

Question 15

What are adventitious roots?

Answer 15

Roots that grow from the stems

Examples include roots from orchids that develop above ground.

Question 16

What is the outermost layer of the root called?

Answer 16

Epidermis

The epidermis protects the inner parts of the root and absorbs minerals.

Question 17

What is the function of the cortex in the root?

Answer 17

To store starch and transport water

The cortex is located beneath the epidermis and plays a key role in nutrient storage and water transport.

Question 18

How does water move through the root cells?

Answer 18

Osmosis

Osmosis is the process by which water moves from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration across cell membranes.

Question 19

What is the endodermis?

Answer 19

An inner layer of cortex that is wax-coated

Question 20

What does the Casparian strip do?

Answer 20

It surrounds the endodermal cells and prevents water from flooding around the endodermis.

Question 21

List the tissues found in roots from outside to the center.

Answer 21

• Epidermis
• Cortex
• Endodermis
• Caspian strip
• Xylem
• Phloem

Understanding the organization of root tissues is important for studying plant anatomy.

Question 22

What are the two main functions of stems?

Answer 22

• Support the leaves
• Transport water and minerals

Stems are critical for both structural integrity and nutrient movement in plants.

Question 23

What are the two main types of stems?

Answer 23

• Woody stems
• Herbaceous stems

These types differ in structure and durability.

Question 24

True or False: Herbaceous stems survive winter each year.

Answer 24

False

Herbaceous stems typically die and do not survive winter.

Question 25

What characterizes woody stems?

Answer 25

Contain tough, hard tissues called wood and can survive winter.

Woody stems are often found in trees and shrubs.

Question 26

Where is xylem located in vascular bundles?

Answer 26

Always closer to the center of the stem.

This anatomical arrangement is important for efficient water transport.

Question 27

Where is phloem located in vascular bundles?

Answer 27

Closer to the outside of the stem.

This positioning facilitates sugar transport to the plant’s outer parts.

Question 28

What happens to woody stems over time?

Answer 28

They grow thicker due to the vascular cambium.

The vascular cambium is responsible for the production of new xylem and phloem.

Question 29

What is the role of cork in woody stems?

Answer 29

Protects and is made up of old phloem and cork tissue.

Cork serves as a protective barrier for the plant.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: The vascular cambium produces new _______ each year.

Answer 30

xylem

The production of new xylem is crucial for the growth of woody plants.

Question 31

What is a characteristic of herbaceous dicots in terms of vascular bundles?

Answer 31

The bundles are arranged in a ring with a thin layer of vascular cambium in between xylem and phloem.

This arrangement is important for their structural integrity.

Question 32

What is the function of cork in trees?

Answer 32

Prevents water loss

Question 33

How can you determine the age of a tree?

Answer 33

By counting the annual rings

Question 34

What are rhizomes?

Answer 34

Modified stems that are thick and fleshy, growing just under or above soil and producing new shoots

Example: ginger

Question 35

What are tubers?

Answer 35

Modified stems that grow under soil, fill with starches, and have ‘eyes’ which are buds that grow new shoots

Example: potato

Question 36

What are bulbs?

Answer 36

Modified leaves wrapped around an underground stem, arranged in layers

Example: onions