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Biology For My Lazy Ass > DNA & Meiosis > Flashcards

DNA & Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a double helix.

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2
Q

What are chromatids?

A

Chromatids are duplicated chromosomes.

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3
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The centromere is where the spindle fibers attach to align the chromosome and pull apart the sister chromatids.

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4
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

The phases include Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is a single subunit (piece) of DNA.

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6
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

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7
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A karyotype is the organization of condensed chromosomes/chromatids from a cell, arranged from longest to shortest.

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8
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Autosomes are chromosomes that contain genes for 22 pairs in a normal human.

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9
Q

What is the definition of a Diploid cell?

A

Contains the full complement of homologous chromosome pairs

In humans, a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes (23 homologous pairs)

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are present in diploid cells of humans?

A

46 chromosomes

This includes 23 homologous pairs

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11
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that have the same structure and gene sequence

They are paired together in diploid cells

One homologous chromosome is inherited from the mother, and the other from the father

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12
Q

What is the role of adult stem cells in relation to diploid cells?

A

They produce new stem cells through mitosis

Specialized cells do not go through mitosis

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13
Q

What is the outcome of mitosis?

A

Production of identical diploid cells

Each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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14
Q

What is the definition of haploid cells?

A

Contain half the complement of chromosomes to produce an individual

In humans, haploid cells have 23 chromosomes

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15
Q

What type of cells are produced from haploid cells?

A

Gametes (reproductive cells)

Examples include sperm and eggs

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16
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells contain in humans?

A

23 chromosomes

None of these chromosomes are homologous

17
Q

What is the primary function of meiosis?

A

To produce haploid cells from diploid cells

This process is essential for sexual reproduction

18
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome

They are formed during DNA replication before cell division

19
Q

True or False: Mitosis occurs in the production of new stem cells.

A

True

Mitosis is responsible for producing identical daughter cells

20
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

1 pair

This pair consists of two chromosomes.

21
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for biological females?

A

XX

This combination typically results in female biological characteristics.

22
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for biological males?

A

XY

This combination generally leads to male biological characteristics.

23
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that leads to the formation of gametes

24
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined

25
Q

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes come together to allow for crossing over of genetic material

SYNAPSIS

26
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids

27
Q

What is the role of the kinetochore?

A

Where spindle fibers attach to the chromosome

28
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process of sperm meiosis

29
Q

What is a spermatogonium?

A

A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis to form sperm

30
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process of egg meiosis

31
Q

What happens during the formation of polar bodies?

A

They are small, useless cells produced during oogenesis, while one functional mature egg is formed

32
Q

Fill in the blank: In meiosis, a mature sperm cell is _______.

A

haploid (n)

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The functional mature egg produced during oogenesis is _______.

A

haploid (n)

Biology For My Lazy Ass (11 decks)

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