Test 2 Flashcards
What is bottom up processing
When we build up to perception from the individual pieces (the first experience)
What is top down processing
When stimuli we’ve experienced in our past influences how we experience new ones
What is the flexible correction model
People who are aware that their thoughts/feelings are being influenced by an undone, outside source, can correct their attitude against the bias.
What is hypnosis
A mental state characterized by reduced peripheral awareness and increased focus on a singular stimulus, which results in an enhanced susceptibility to suggestion
What is circadian rhythm
The physiological sleep-wake cycle (can be influenced by sunlight as well as daily schedule and activity)
What are the four stages of sleep
-Stage 1 (NREM 1)- The “falling asleep” stage; marked by theta waves
-Stage 2 (NREM 2) -the light sleep stage; marked by high intensity brain waves “sleep spindles” and associated with memory processing (makes up 55% of sleep)
-Stage 3 (NREM 3) - marked by greater muscle relaxation and appearance of delta wave (makes up 20-25% of sleep)
-Stage 4 (NREM 4) - marked by rapid eye movement (REM), less intense brain waves and associated with dreaming (makes up 20% of sleep)
what is the difference between alpha and beta waves
Beta waves- high in frequent but low in intensity (awake, normal alert consciousness)
Alpha waves- low in frequency but high in intensity (relaxed, calm, meditation)
What is social learning theory
A gender role theory proposed by Albert Bandura that suggests gender roles are created through punishment, reinforcements, modeling
What are the two types of conditioning
Classical- learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction to (one of the stimuli needs to be natural, like salivating)
Operant- changing behavior choices in response to a consequence
What are the components of classical conditioning
UR- unconditional response (natural response)
US- Unconditioned stimulus (causes a response no matter what)
NS- Neutral stimulus (a stimulus with no conditioned response)
CS- Conditioned response ( a NS that is now conditioned to create a response like the US)
CR- conditioned response (a response to the CS, the UR becomes the CR)
After conditioning the UR and NS —–
Become CR and CS, the US doesn’t change
What are social models
Typically of higher status of authority compared to the observer
What is vicarious reinforcement
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person
What is discrimitative stimulus
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced, it “sets the occasion” for the operant response. (Ex putting a canvas in front of an artist doesn’t elicit painting behavior, instead it sets the occasion (or allows) for painting to occur
What are reinforcements
Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur again
(Positive reinforcement- adds something desirable, like praise)
(Negative reinforcement- ending something unpleasant, like an annoying noise)
What are the two types of reinforcers
Primary reinforcer- a stimulus that meets a basic need or otherwise intrinsically desirable (food, sex, fun, attention, ect)
Secondary reinforcer- a stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer, like money (need money to buy food)
What is the difference between negative and positive punishment
Negative- taking away something desirable
Positive- adding something undesirable
When do punishments work best
In natural settings, like getting burned from reaching into a fire. Less effective when artistically created.
What is interval schedule
We may schedule our reinforcement based on the amount of time that has gone by
What does the following entail- fixed ratio schedule (FR), Variable ratio schedule (VR), Fixed interval schedule (FI), Variable interval schedule (VI)
FR- every so many behaviors (ex, getting paid for every ten boxed you move)
VR- after an unpredictable amount of behaviors (ex. Hitting the jackpot sometimes on a slot machine)
FI- every so often (ex getting paid weekly regardless of the work)
VI- unpredictably often (ex checking the cell phone all day, only sometimes getting a message)
What is a ratio schedule
We plan for a certain ratio of rewards per number of instances of the desired behavior (like moving 10 boxes, time does not matter)
What are the three stages of the learning and memory process
Encoding- the information gets into out brains in a way that allows it to be stored (it is selective and prolific)
Storage- the information is held in a way that allows it to be later retrieved
Retrieval- reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory
Episodic- the ability to remember the episodes of our lives (ex. Recalling everything you did 2 days ago)
Semantic- our storehouse ot more or less permanent knowledge (ex. Meanings of words)
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interferences
Retroactive- the phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event
Proactive- when past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones