Test 2 Flashcards
What is bottom up processing
When we build up to perception from the individual pieces (the first experience)
What is top down processing
When stimuli we’ve experienced in our past influences how we experience new ones
What is the flexible correction model
People who are aware that their thoughts/feelings are being influenced by an undone, outside source, can correct their attitude against the bias.
What is hypnosis
A mental state characterized by reduced peripheral awareness and increased focus on a singular stimulus, which results in an enhanced susceptibility to suggestion
What is circadian rhythm
The physiological sleep-wake cycle (can be influenced by sunlight as well as daily schedule and activity)
What are the four stages of sleep
-Stage 1 (NREM 1)- The “falling asleep” stage; marked by theta waves
-Stage 2 (NREM 2) -the light sleep stage; marked by high intensity brain waves “sleep spindles” and associated with memory processing (makes up 55% of sleep)
-Stage 3 (NREM 3) - marked by greater muscle relaxation and appearance of delta wave (makes up 20-25% of sleep)
-Stage 4 (NREM 4) - marked by rapid eye movement (REM), less intense brain waves and associated with dreaming (makes up 20% of sleep)
what is the difference between alpha and beta waves
Beta waves- high in frequent but low in intensity (awake, normal alert consciousness)
Alpha waves- low in frequency but high in intensity (relaxed, calm, meditation)
What is social learning theory
A gender role theory proposed by Albert Bandura that suggests gender roles are created through punishment, reinforcements, modeling
What are the two types of conditioning
Classical- learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction to (one of the stimuli needs to be natural, like salivating)
Operant- changing behavior choices in response to a consequence
What are the components of classical conditioning
UR- unconditional response (natural response)
US- Unconditioned stimulus (causes a response no matter what)
NS- Neutral stimulus (a stimulus with no conditioned response)
CS- Conditioned response ( a NS that is now conditioned to create a response like the US)
CR- conditioned response (a response to the CS, the UR becomes the CR)
After conditioning the UR and NS —–
Become CR and CS, the US doesn’t change
What are social models
Typically of higher status of authority compared to the observer
What is vicarious reinforcement
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person
What is discrimitative stimulus
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced, it “sets the occasion” for the operant response. (Ex putting a canvas in front of an artist doesn’t elicit painting behavior, instead it sets the occasion (or allows) for painting to occur
What are reinforcements
Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur again
(Positive reinforcement- adds something desirable, like praise)
(Negative reinforcement- ending something unpleasant, like an annoying noise)
What are the two types of reinforcers
Primary reinforcer- a stimulus that meets a basic need or otherwise intrinsically desirable (food, sex, fun, attention, ect)
Secondary reinforcer- a stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer, like money (need money to buy food)
What is the difference between negative and positive punishment
Negative- taking away something desirable
Positive- adding something undesirable
When do punishments work best
In natural settings, like getting burned from reaching into a fire. Less effective when artistically created.
What is interval schedule
We may schedule our reinforcement based on the amount of time that has gone by
What does the following entail- fixed ratio schedule (FR), Variable ratio schedule (VR), Fixed interval schedule (FI), Variable interval schedule (VI)
FR- every so many behaviors (ex, getting paid for every ten boxed you move)
VR- after an unpredictable amount of behaviors (ex. Hitting the jackpot sometimes on a slot machine)
FI- every so often (ex getting paid weekly regardless of the work)
VI- unpredictably often (ex checking the cell phone all day, only sometimes getting a message)
What is a ratio schedule
We plan for a certain ratio of rewards per number of instances of the desired behavior (like moving 10 boxes, time does not matter)
What are the three stages of the learning and memory process
Encoding- the information gets into out brains in a way that allows it to be stored (it is selective and prolific)
Storage- the information is held in a way that allows it to be later retrieved
Retrieval- reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory
Episodic- the ability to remember the episodes of our lives (ex. Recalling everything you did 2 days ago)
Semantic- our storehouse ot more or less permanent knowledge (ex. Meanings of words)
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interferences
Retroactive- the phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event
Proactive- when past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones
What is the misinformation effect
When incorrect information occurring after and eventually is remembered as having been part of the original event
What is the encoding specificity principle
The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will only be effective as the extent to which the information encoded from said cue overlaps or matches the information in the memory trace
What are mnemonic devices
Memory aid/tricks in retaining and recalling large amounts of information. Usually involving imagery or some other set of memorized cues (ex chunking, credit card remembered as 4 groups of 4 instead of 16 number) (ex acronyms like pemdas)
What is storage decay
When memory fades or “decays” because the material encoded into long term memory is never used, recalled, or re-stored. What hasn’t decayed quickly tend to stay intact long term
What is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Effect (DMR Effect)
Is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals encode events that did not happen. Was discovered during a word-list technique experiment. Participants heard 15 words and later given a test where they were shown a list of words and told to pick out which ones they heard (the list only containing some of the original words and some new ones). They sometimes falsely recognized words that related to the original words.
What is Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiment
An experiment designed to explore observational learning. In this experiment children individually observed an adult social model interact with a clown doll. One group saw the adult interact aggressively with the clown doll, Bobo; punching it, kicking it, throwing it. The other group saw the adult play with the doll calmly, with no aggression. After the adults left Bandura found that the kids in the aggressive interaction group were more likely to behave aggressively towards Bobo than the other non aggressive group. This showed that since children saw adult social models displaying such behavior they believed it to be acceptable
What is the quantitative law of effect
The law acknowledges the fact that efforts of reinforcing one behavior depend crucially on how much reinforcement is earned for the behaviors alternatives. (Is the reinforcement of equal value to the effort of the behavior, if given many alternative reinforcers in the environment, the original reinforcer will be less effective)
What is the difference between delta and theta waves
Delta- deep,dreamless sleep
Theta- deep relaxation and meditation (associated with memory and emotions)
What is dissociation
The separation of one’s awareness form everything besides what one is centrally focused on. (Ex daydreaming in class and not hearing the teacher)
What are the uses for hypnotherapy
Modern hypnotherapy often uses a combination of relaxation, suggestion, motivation, and expectancies to create a desired mental or behavioral state. Some evidence suggests that hypnotherapy can also successful in treating suffers of acute or chronic pain
What is the olfactory epithelial
The organ containing olfactory recpters (smell) (odarants in our environment bind with olfactory receptors, in a fashion similar to a lock and key) (different odarants bind to different specialized receptors based on their shape)
What is the somatotpic map
The projection of the body surface onto a barin area that is responsible for iur sense of touch and that is called rhe somatosensory cortex. (Different regions are sized based on the sensitivity of specific parts on the opposite side of the body) (ex. The lips and fingertips are more sensitive than others, such as shoulders or ankles and as such sized larger)
What is the vestibular system
Is comprised of three semicircular canals-fluid-filled bone structures containing cells that respond to changes in the heads orientation in space. (Part of the inner ear involved in balance ) (information from the vestibular system is sent through the vestibular nerve, to muscles involved in the movement of out eyes, neck, and other parts of our body) (this allows us to maintain our gaze while in motion)
Frequency vs complexity Soundwave
Frequency- corresponds to our perception of pitch (length of sound wave; perceived as high and low pitch) (low frequency= low pitched and high frequency=high pitched)
Complexity- corresponds to iur perception of timbre (perceived as sound quality) (simple= pure tone and complex = mix of frequencies
