Test Flashcards
Who promoted empiricism (the idea that all knowledge comes from experience)
Thomas Reid and John Locke
What did Thomas reid and John Locke’s work emphasize
The role of the human observed and the primacy of the sense on defining how the mind comes to aquire knowledge; these principles were taught as courses on mental and moral philosophy
What did Thomas reid and John locke’s course teach
They taught about the mind based on the factualties of intellect, will and the senses
What was Wilhelm Wundt credited for
The formal development of modern psychology
Who helped to establish the field of experimental psychology by serving as a strong promoter of the idea that psychology could be an experimental field and by providing classes, textbooks, and a lab for training students
Wilhelm wundt
What event and when, served as the popular date for the establishment of the science of psychology
In 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt created a laboratory experience to his lectures
What is structuralism
A school of American psychology that sought to describe the consious elements of the mind (founded by Wilhelm Wundt)
What were Wilhelm wundt’s students trained in and for what purpose
They were trained to offer detailed self reports of their reactions to various stimuli, a procedure known as introspection. The goal was to identify the elements of consciousness, awareness of ourselves and our environment.
What did Wilhelm wundts work demonstrate
That the mind could be measured and the nature of consciousness could be revealed through scientific means
Who was Sigmund Freud
He was the father of psychoanalysis and was famous for using case studys
Who was Max Wertherimer
A psychologist who began gestalt psychology in Germany
What is gestalt psychology
Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka, Kurt Lewin, and Wolfgang Kohler believed that studying that whole of any experience was richer than studying individual aspects of that experience.
What did the gestalt psychologists propose
That the mind often processes information simultaneously rather than sequentially
Who invented the intelligence tests and what was their goal
Alfred Binet and his goal was to develop a test that would identify school children in need of educational support
Who were influenced by Darwins evelutionary theory and were among a group that identified with functionalism
William James, G. Stanley Hall and James McKeen Cattell
What is functionalism
A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness (founded by William james)
What is correlational research
When scientists passively observe and measure phenomena, without intervening and changing behaviors like in experiments
What methods are associated with qualitative designs
-Particiapnt observation- when a researcher embeds themselves in a group to study their dynamic
-Case studies- an intensive examination of specific individuals or specific contexts
-narrative analysis- the study of personal accounts and stories of people, groups, or cultures
What is the quasi-experimental design
A research method were random assignment is not used. Instead rely on preexisting group memberships (ex. Married vs single)
Who was Paul Broca
A surgeon who conducted an autopsy on a former patient who lost his speech; he identified the damaged part on the left side of the brain, which is know known as “Broca’s area”.
What are the three components of a neuron
The axon, the soma, and dendrites
What are the three types of neurons by use
-Sensory- recieve information IN about the world
-Motor- initiate instructions OUT, like movement and behavior
-Interneuron- processes information between sensory input and motor output
A ____ allows an ion to pass through the cell membrane of a neuron
Ion Channel
Three categories of neuron by structure
-Unipolar neuron- one axon, no dendrite
-bipolar neuron- one axon, one dendrite
-multipolar neuron- one axon, multi dendrites
What is the axon
The part of the neuron that Carries the action potential and is the main source of output
What is the soma
Call body of the neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic information and directs protein synthesis
What is the synapse
The junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the axon/dendrite of another
What is the exictatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
EPSP- Depolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive
IPSP- Hyperpolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative
What is the difference between adaptions and natural selection
Adaptions- evolved solutions to problems that historically contributed to reproductive success
Natural selection- differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritage attributes
What is epigenetics
A process in which DNA itself is modified by environmental events, and those genetic changes transmitted to children
What is Jean Piagets theory
The theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages; sensorimotor stage, preoperational reasoning stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations
What is the sensorimotor stage
Occurs from birth to 2y and is where children’s thinking is largely realized through their perceptions of the world and their interactions with it (related to object permanence task)
What is the preoperational reasoning stage
Occurs 2y to 7y and is where children can represent objects through language and drawings but cannot solve logical reasoning problems like conservation problems
What is the formal operations stage
Occurs from 11y-12y to death and is where children attain reasoning abilities similar to a mature adult which allows them to solve systematic scientific problems and others. Also can think abstractly.
What is the concrete operations stage
Occurs from 7y to 12y and is when children can think logically about concrete situation but not engage in systematic scientific reasoning.
What is object permanence task
Jean piagets task that suggests that infants below 9 months fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for said object, act as if they do not know it continues to exist
What are the contributions of Braumrind
He Is credited for authoritative parenting styles. A style characterized by (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, a d the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior
Who identified three critiera for successful aging and what are the criteria
Rowe and Kahn identified the following:
-avoiding diseases (ex smoking)
-maintaince of high physical and cognitive functioning
-acrive engagement in social and productive activities
Who can be credited for the idea that parents provide more sensitive and affectionate care for easygoing and attractive babies than difficult ugly ones; which can later contribute to the infants cognitive development
Langlois (1995) and Van Den Boom and Hoeksma (1994)
Who created the Convoy Model of Social Relations and what did it entail
Antonucci’s theory proposed that the social connections that people accumulate are held together by exchanges in social support (ex emotional); the frequency, types and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age
What is theory of mind
Children’s growing understanding of the mental state that affect people’s behaviors; infants are aware at an early stage that people have different mental states, and this motivates them to try and figure out what they are feeling, thinking, etc.
What is social learning theory
A theory that argues that gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.
What was Mary Ainsworth known for
She devised an experiment called “strange situations”, in reaction to findings that infants form an emotional bond to its caregiver based on care received (security of attachment). “Strange situations” involved breif separation from the caregiver.
What is the presynaptic terminal button
Small knobs located at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters
