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1
Q

What is the social brain hypothesis

A

Dunbar’s hypothesis that the human brain has evolved so that humans can maintain larger ingroups

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2
Q

What is the difference between bounded awareness and bounded rationality

A

Bounded awareness- refers to the many ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important information available to us
Bounded rationality- coined by Herbert Simon, says that human beings try to make rational decisions (such as weighing the costs and benefits of a choice) but our cognitive limitations prevent us from being fully rational. Time and cost constraints limit the quantity and quality of the information available to us.

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3
Q

What are some problem solving strategies

A

Trial and error- useful when perfecting an invention like the light bulb, not useful when there is a clear answer as trial and error might miss is
Algorithms- a step by step mathematical strategy; always leads to the right answer if used correctly
Heuristics- a short cut that leads to a solution quickly
Insight- the sudden realization, a leap forward in thinking

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4
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts (ex. Certain languages have certain words to describe large ideas/information, making it easier to recall)

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5
Q

What is reliability is terms of making sure tests results are useful

A

A test or other measuring toll is reliable when it generates consistent results
Split-half reliability- two halves of the test yield the same results
Test-retest reliability- the test give the same result if administered again

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6
Q

What is validity is terms of making sure tests results are useful

A

A test or measure has validity if it accurately measures what it us supposed to measure
Content validity- the test correlates well with the actual trait being measured
Predictive validity- the test accurately predicts future performances

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7
Q

What is semantic language development

A

Semantics is the understanding of word meanings and the relationship between words.

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8
Q

What is a child’s semantic language stages

A

Receptive language- (0-4 months) associating sounds with facial movements, and recognizing when sounds are broken into words
Productive language- (4 months) babbling in multilingual sounds and gestures
Babbling- (10months) sounds more like the parents/households language
One-word stage- (12months) understanding and beginning to say many nouns
Two-word, telegraphic/tweet speech- (18-24 months) adding verbs, and making sentences but missing words
Full sentences- 24+ months, speaking full sentences and understanding complex sentences

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9
Q

What is the difference between lexicon and syntax

A

Lexicon- words and expressions
Syntax- grammatical rules got arranging words and expressions together

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10
Q

What are the personality traits of the five factor model

A

Openness- the tendency to appreciate nee art, ideas, values, feelings and behaviors
Conscientious ness- the tendency to be careful, on-time, follow rules, and be hardworking
Extroversion- the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others
Agreeableness- the tendency to agree and go along with others rather than assert ones own opinions and choices
Neuroticism- the tendency to frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonal sensitive

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11
Q

What is the hexco model

A

Created by Ashton and Lee, similar to the big five but adds honesty-humility as a sixth dimension of personality

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12
Q

What is the Hartshorne, may, maller, and Shuttleworth (1928) study

A

They examined the correlations amongst various behavioral indicators of honesty in children. They also enticed children to behave either honestly or dishonestly in different situations, for instance, making it easy or difficult to steal or cheat. The correlations among children’s behavior was low, showing that children who steal in on situation are not always the same children who steal in a different one.

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13
Q

What is a narrative identity of oneself

A

An internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person’s life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time.

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14
Q

What is affective forecasting

A

Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision. Good qt predicting if the feeling will be positive or negative but not at how strongly we will feel it and the duration
(Influenced by impact bias)

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15
Q

What is happiness

A

The populat word for subjective well being (SWB)

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16
Q

What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up causes of happiness

A

Top-down- (internal) the persons outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness, ex. Their temperament or optimistic outlook on life
Bottom-up- (external) situations factors outside the person that influences their SWB, such as good and bad events and circumstances like health and wealth

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17
Q

Who was Solomon Asch

A

Through his studies involving presenting cards with lines and tasked with finding the card with same line length as the original card found that when faced with answers from other participants that opposed their answer, even when clearly wrong, they would change their answer to fit it

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18
Q

What are the three characteristics of trust needed for effective persuasion (triad of trustworthiness)

A

Authority, likeability and honesty

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19
Q

What are the two paths to persuasion

A

Central route- persuasion that employs direct, relevant, logical messages (encourages careful thought)
Peripheral route- persuasion that relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic (discourages careful thought)

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20
Q

What are the shortcuts that leave us suspectble to persuasion: reciprocity, social proof commitment and consistency

A

Reciprocity- whereby we feel compelled to repay. In equitable value, what another person has given
Social proof- if everyone is doing it, it must be right (derived from social comparison and conformity)
Commitment and consistency- once we have made an initial commitment the more likely we are to agree to subsequent commitments that follow (derived fromm fooot in the door and gradually escalating commitments)

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21
Q

What are common psychological strategies to manipulate trust worthiness did Levine identity

A

Testimonials and endorsement- this technique employs someone who people already tryst to testing about the product or message being sold
Presenting the message as educated- the message may be fromed as objective information. Ex. Salespeople my try to convey the impression they are less interested in selling a product than helping you make the best decision. The implicit message is that being informed is in everyone’s best interest (they are confident you will want the product on e informed)
Word of mouth- surveys show we turn to people around us for many decisions
The maven- similar to word of mouth but involves peers face to face. Rather than over investing in formal advertising, businesses may plant seeds at grassroots level hoping that consumers themselves will spread the word to eachother.

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22
Q

What is foot in the door and gradually escalating commitments

A

Foot in the door- obtaing a small, initial commitment
Gradually escalating commitments- a pattern if small, progressively escalating demands Is less likely to be rejected than a single large demand all at once

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23
Q

What are the shortcuts that leave us suspectble to persuasion: a door in the face and and that’s not all

A

A door in the face- where the persuader begins with a large request they expect will be rejected, they want the door to be slammed in their face. Looking forlorn, they now follow this with a smaller request, which unknown to the consumer, was their target all along
And that’s not all- also begins with a salesperson asking a high price. Followed by several seconds of pause which the consumer is kept from responding. A better deal is then offered by either lower the price or added a bonus item. The that’s not all is a variation of the door in the face

24
Q

What are the shortcuts that leave us suspectble to persuasin: the sunk cost Trap

A

The sunk cost trap- the trap occurs when a person’s aversion to loss, impulses them to throw good money after bad, because they don’t want to waste their investments. Sunk cost refers to nonrecoverable investments of time or money in economics

25
Q

What are the shortcuts that leave us suspectble to persuasion: scarcity and psychological reactance

A

Scaricty-People tend to view things as more attractive when their availability us limited, or when they stand to lose the opportunity to aquire them on favorable terms
Psychological reactance- a reactions to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms (do not respond well to pushy people

26
Q

What is positive affect

A

Positive emotions such as happiness and contentment

27
Q

What is the difference between normative and informational influence

A

Normative- conformity to a group norm in order to fit in, to feel good, and be accepted by the group
Informational- conformity due to the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous

28
Q

What are descriptive norms

A

The perception of what most people do in a given situation

29
Q

What are some influences on behavior when in a group

A

Social facilitation- when individuals perform better with an audience
Social loafing- the tendency for people in a group to show less effort when not held individually accountable
Deindividuation- when Anonymous and have high arousal, a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurs
Group polarization- when people of similar views form a group and discussion occurs, leading to said views become more extreme
Groupthink- when people make decisions as a group in which discourages creatativry or individual thinking

30
Q

What are Sigmund Freuds 8 defense mechanisms

A

Repression
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Denial

31
Q

What is the difference between repression and regression

A

Repression- the first defense mechanism discovered by Freud. A mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing/threatening thoughts from becoming conscious. Not successful long term as it can create anxiety
Regression- retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage. When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors often become more childish or primitive. Ex. Teenagers may giggle uncontrollably when introduced to a social situation involving the opposite sex

32
Q

What is the difference between reaction formation and projection

A

Reaction formation- switching unacceptable impulses into the opposites. Going beyond denial and behaving in the opposite of what they think/feel. Ex. Prejudice against homosexuals yo make a defense against their own homosexual feelings. adapting a harsh anti-homosexual attitude helps convince them of their heterosexuality
Projection- disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Ex the their thinks everyone else is a thief

33
Q

What is the difference between rationalization and denail

A

Rationalization- offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening reasons for one’s actions. Ex. An alcoholic says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable”, ignoring that she has a problem
Denial-refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. Denial involves blocking external events from awareness. Ex. A partner denies evidence of their loved ones affair, even when right in front of them.

34
Q

What is the difference between displacement and sublimation

A

Displacement- the redirection of an impulse (usually aggressive but can be sexual) onto a powerless substitute. Target can be a person or object; always socially unacceptable. Ex. Someone frustrated with their boss may go home and beat a family member
Sublimation- similar to displacement, but takes place when we manage to displace our emotions into a constructive , rather than destructive, activity; socially acceptable. Ex. Using sports to relieve stress

35
Q

What is the difference between ingroup bias and self-catergorization theory

A

Ingroup bias- the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with (us vs them)
Self-catergorization theory- coined by Turner, describes that people categorize themselves, and others into groups, favoring their own group

36
Q

What is the difference between availability and representative heuristics

A

Availability- allows us to estimate the likelihood of an event based on our ability to recall similar events
Representative- allows us to estimate the probability of an object belonging to a category based on the extent to which the object appears similar to other objects in the category

37
Q

What is anhedonia/amotivation

A

Loss of interest or pleasure in things one typically enjoys

38
Q

What is alogia

A

Reduction or loss of speach

39
Q

What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

In CBT, patients are taught skills to help identify and change problematic thought processes, beliefs, and behaviors. Typically used in depression and anxiety

40
Q

What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

A disorder characterized by the desire to engage in certain behaviors excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety. Symptoms- experiencing obsessive thoughts and or compulsions that seem irrational and nonsensical but that keep coming to mind.

41
Q

What is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

A

A condition marked by acute fear of social situations which lead to worry and diminished day to day functioning

42
Q

What is panic disorder (PD)

A

A condition marked by regular strong panic attacks, and which may include significant levels of worry about future attacks

43
Q

What is agoraphobia

A

A sort of anxiety disorder distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe because it is significantly open or crowded (often accompanies PD as one might associate a place with a panic attack and try to avoid said place in the future)

44
Q

What are anxiety disorders

A

Marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Emerges from “triple vulnerabilites” biological, psychology, and specific.

45
Q

What are the bipolar mood disorders

A

Bipolar I Disorder (BD I)- characterized by a single (or recurrent) manic episode; a depressive episode is not necessary for this diagnosis
Bipolar II Disorder (BD II)- characterized by single (or recurrent) hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Clycolthmic Disorder- characterized by numerous abd alternating periods of hypomania and depressions, lasting at least two years

46
Q

What is the difference between manic and hypomanic episodes

A

Hypomania is a milder version of mania that typically lasts for a period. Mania is a more sever form.

47
Q

What is the difference between major and persistent depressive disorder

A

MDD- defined by one or more major depressive episodes, but no history of manic or hypomanic episodes; episodes are separated by at least 2 months
PDD- defined as feeling depressed most of the day for more days than not, for at least two years

48
Q

What is the difference between persecutors delusions and delusions of grander

A

Persecutory- involve the belief that individuals or groups are trying to hurt, harm, or plot against them in some way.
Grander- where a person believes that they have some special power or ability (ex. Can fly)

49
Q

What treatments are there for schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotic medications- “typical” and “atypical”
“Typcial”- these drugs share a common feature of being a strong block of the D2 type dopamine receptor (older generation of meds)
“Atypical”- drugs that have more mixed mechanisms of action in terms of receptor types that they influence, though most of them also influence D2 receptors (newer generation of drug)

50
Q

What is a personality disorder

A

When personality traits result in significant distress, social impairment, and or occupational impairment

51
Q

According to the DSM-5 what are the 10 personality disorders

A

Antisocial, avoidant, borderline, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessive compulsive, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

52
Q

What’s the difference between avoidant and antisocial personality disorder

A

Avoidant- a persuasive pattern of social inhibiton, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation (passive, self-consciousness, cautious, worrisome, etc)
Antisocial- persistently acting without conscience, without a sense of guilt for harm done to others (family and strangers alike) (dishonest, manipulative, immoral, etc)

53
Q

What is the difference between schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder

A

Schizoid- a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expressive emotions in interpersonal settings (more detatchment) (withdrawn, cold, isolated, etc)
Schizotypal- a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior (more discomfort) (odd, social anxiousness/withdrawl/discomfort, peculiar, etc. )

54
Q

What is the implict association test

A

An implications attitude task that assesses a person’s automatic associations between concepts by measuring the response time ls in pairing the concepts (ex. Cats=good)

55
Q

What is the evaluating priming task

A

Measures how quickly the participant labels the valence (postive/negative) of the attitude object when it appears immediately after a positive or negative image. The more quickly the participant labels the attitude object after being primed with a positive versus negative image indicated hoe quickly the participant evaluates the object.

56
Q

What are self- report scales in terms of SWB

A

How people rate their own happiness levels on self-report surveys by responding to numbered scales to indicate their levels of satisfaction, positive feelings, and lack of negative feelings.

57
Q

What is the MMPI test

A

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory is a psychometric test devised to assess personality traits and psychopathology

General Psychology (13 decks)

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