Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is Jean Piagets theory
The theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: sensorimotor stage, preoperational reasoning stage, concrete operations stage and formal operations stage
What are sociocultral theories
How other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influences children’s development (believed by Lev Vygotsky)
What are information processing theories
Examine the mental processes that produce thinking at any one time and the transition process that lead to growth in that thinking (belived by David klahr)
What are quantitive changes
Large fundamental change (ex caterpillar changing into a butterfly) (Piagets stages reflect quantitve chnage relative to previous stages
What is the sensorimotor stage
Occurs from birth to 2y and is where children’s thinking is largely realized through their perceptions of the world and their interactions with it (related to object permanence task)
What is object permanence task
Piaget suggests that infants below 9 months fail to search for an object that is removed from thei sight and do not know it continues to exist
What is the preoperational reasoning stage
Occurs from 2y to 7y and is where children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems like conservation problems
What are conservation problems
Physical transformation of an object(s) changes a perceptual salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about
What is the concrete operations stage
Occurs from 6-7y to 11-12y and is where children overcome the tendency to think single dimensionally. Also begin to think logically but not in systematic scientific thinking (conducting experiments to gain knowledge)
What is the formal operations stage
Occurs from 11-12y to death and is where children attain the reasoning power of mature adults which allows them to solve systematic scientific problems and others. Also can think abstractly and gain advanced reasoning
What are te three perspectives needed to understand social and personality development in children
Social context-where the child lives, the relationships
Biological maturation- developing social and emotional competencies and temperamental individuality
Representations- of themselves and the social world
What is security of attachment
An infants confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver (can result in secure attachment or insecure attachment)
What is social referencing
In which an infant looks to the mothers face when confronted with an unfamiliar person or situation
(Mother is calm= infant responds positively)
(Mother is distressed = infant responds negatively)
What is theory of mind
Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior (infants begin developing this in early stages)
What is temperament
Early emerging differences in reactivity and self regulation
What is goodness of fit
The match between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care that contribute to positive or negative personality development. (A good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child temperamental attributes and this contributes to a positive personality growth and better adjustment)
What is conscience
The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct
What is effortful control
A temperamental quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self regulation
What is a phenotype
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
What is a genotype
The DNA content of a cells nucleus; whether a trait is externally observable or not
What is epigenetics
The study of changes in organisms cause bt modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself
What is heterogeneity
The quality or state of being diverse in character or content
What is a cohort
Generations
What are the two life theories
Life course theory- theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age related life events and social roles
Lifespan theory- theory of development that emphasizes the patterning if lifeline within and between person differences in the shape, level and rate of change trajectories
What is intra and inter individual differences
Intra- within
Inter-between
What are the two types of intellectual functions examined in the psychometric approach
Fluid intelligence- type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems (reaction time, spatial ability)
Crystallized intelligence- type of intellectual ability yhat relies on the application of knowledge, experience and learned information
What is the difference between recall and recognition
Recall- Types of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information WITHOUT the help of external cues
Recognition- types of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information WITH thw assistance of cues.
What is inhibitory functioning
Ability to focus on certain information while suppressing attention to less pertinent information
What is the difference between subjective age and age identity
Subjective age- indicates how a person feels and into which age group they categorized themselves into
Age identity- how old or young people feel compared to their chronological age
What are cross sectional studies
Research methods that provides information about age group differences; can be susceptible to effects related to history and the time of research
What is self perception of aging
An individuals perception of their own aging process (positive=greater longevity)
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory
Cartensen Proposed this theory to explain the reduction of partners in older adulthood
What is the convoy model of social relations
Antonicci’s theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age
What is difference between global subjective well being and hedonic well being
Global- Individuals perception of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole
Hedonic- the emotional component of well being and includes measure of positive (ex happiness) and negative (ex sadness)
What is included in success aging
Rowe and Kahn identified avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical function, and having an actively engaged lifestyle to be the three components of successful aging
What is the difference between sex and gender
Sex- biological category of male or female, defined by physical and reproductive differences
Gender- cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and feminity
What are gender roles
Behaviors, attitudes and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.
What is gender consistency
The awareness that gender is constant and does not simply change by changing external attributes
What is the developmental Intergraph theory
Implies that adults heavy focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others; form rigid gender stereotypes
What is the gender schema theory
Argues that children are active learners who essentially socialize themselves. Children form their own gender roles by organizing others behavior, activities, and attributes into gender schemas (people are more likely to remember behaviors that are consistent with their gender schema)
What is the social learning theory
Gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment and modeling
Types of sexism, based on negative and positive qualities, seen in ambivalent sexism
Ambivalent sexism- the negative attributes of women as inferior and incompetent relative to men
Benevolent sexism- the perception that women need to be protected, supported and adored by men.
