Chapter 3

Question 1

What is Jean Piagets theory

Answer 1

The theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: sensorimotor stage, preoperational reasoning stage, concrete operations stage and formal operations stage

Question 2

What are sociocultral theories

Answer 2

How other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influences children’s development (believed by Lev Vygotsky)

Question 3

What are information processing theories

Answer 3

Examine the mental processes that produce thinking at any one time and the transition process that lead to growth in that thinking (belived by David klahr)

Question 4

What are quantitive changes

Answer 4

Large fundamental change (ex caterpillar changing into a butterfly) (Piagets stages reflect quantitve chnage relative to previous stages

Question 5

What is the sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

Occurs from birth to 2y and is where children’s thinking is largely realized through their perceptions of the world and their interactions with it (related to object permanence task)

Question 6

What is object permanence task

Answer 6

Piaget suggests that infants below 9 months fail to search for an object that is removed from thei sight and do not know it continues to exist

Question 7

What is the preoperational reasoning stage

Answer 7

Occurs from 2y to 7y and is where children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems like conservation problems

Question 8

What are conservation problems

Answer 8

Physical transformation of an object(s) changes a perceptual salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about

Question 9

What is the concrete operations stage

Answer 9

Occurs from 6-7y to 11-12y and is where children overcome the tendency to think single dimensionally. Also begin to think logically but not in systematic scientific thinking (conducting experiments to gain knowledge)

Question 10

What is the formal operations stage

Answer 10

Occurs from 11-12y to death and is where children attain the reasoning power of mature adults which allows them to solve systematic scientific problems and others. Also can think abstractly and gain advanced reasoning

Question 11

What are te three perspectives needed to understand social and personality development in children

Answer 11

Social context-where the child lives, the relationships
Biological maturation- developing social and emotional competencies and temperamental individuality
Representations- of themselves and the social world

Question 12

What is security of attachment

Answer 12

An infants confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver (can result in secure attachment or insecure attachment)

Question 13

What is social referencing

Answer 13

In which an infant looks to the mothers face when confronted with an unfamiliar person or situation
(Mother is calm= infant responds positively)
(Mother is distressed = infant responds negatively)

Question 14

What is theory of mind

Answer 14

Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior (infants begin developing this in early stages)

Question 15

What is temperament

Answer 15

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self regulation

Question 16

What is goodness of fit

Answer 16

The match between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care that contribute to positive or negative personality development. (A good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child temperamental attributes and this contributes to a positive personality growth and better adjustment)

Question 17

What is conscience

Answer 17

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

Question 18

What is effortful control

Answer 18

A temperamental quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self regulation

Question 19

What is a phenotype

Answer 19

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Question 20

What is a genotype

Answer 20

The DNA content of a cells nucleus; whether a trait is externally observable or not

Question 21

What is epigenetics

Answer 21

The study of changes in organisms cause bt modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

Question 22

What is heterogeneity

Answer 22

The quality or state of being diverse in character or content

Question 23

What is a cohort

Answer 23

Generations

Question 24

What are the two life theories

Answer 24

Life course theory- theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age related life events and social roles
Lifespan theory- theory of development that emphasizes the patterning if lifeline within and between person differences in the shape, level and rate of change trajectories

Question 25

What is intra and inter individual differences

Answer 25

Intra- within
Inter-between

Question 26

What are the two types of intellectual functions examined in the psychometric approach

Answer 26

Fluid intelligence- type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems (reaction time, spatial ability)
Crystallized intelligence- type of intellectual ability yhat relies on the application of knowledge, experience and learned information

Question 27

What is the difference between recall and recognition

Answer 27

Recall- Types of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information WITHOUT the help of external cues
Recognition- types of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned information WITH thw assistance of cues.

Question 28

What is inhibitory functioning

Answer 28

Ability to focus on certain information while suppressing attention to less pertinent information

Question 29

What is the difference between subjective age and age identity

Answer 29

Subjective age- indicates how a person feels and into which age group they categorized themselves into
Age identity- how old or young people feel compared to their chronological age

Question 30

What are cross sectional studies

Answer 30

Research methods that provides information about age group differences; can be susceptible to effects related to history and the time of research

Question 31

What is self perception of aging

Answer 31

An individuals perception of their own aging process (positive=greater longevity)

Question 32

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 32

Cartensen Proposed this theory to explain the reduction of partners in older adulthood

Question 33

What is the convoy model of social relations

Answer 33

Antonicci’s theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age

Question 34

What is difference between global subjective well being and hedonic well being

Answer 34

Global- Individuals perception of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole
Hedonic- the emotional component of well being and includes measure of positive (ex happiness) and negative (ex sadness)

Question 35

What is included in success aging

Answer 35

Rowe and Kahn identified avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive and physical function, and having an actively engaged lifestyle to be the three components of successful aging

Question 36

What is the difference between sex and gender

Answer 36

Sex- biological category of male or female, defined by physical and reproductive differences
Gender- cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and feminity

Question 37

What are gender roles

Answer 37

Behaviors, attitudes and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.

Question 38

What is gender consistency

Answer 38

The awareness that gender is constant and does not simply change by changing external attributes

Question 38

What is the developmental Intergraph theory

Answer 38

Implies that adults heavy focus on gender leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others; form rigid gender stereotypes

Question 39

What is the gender schema theory

Answer 39

Argues that children are active learners who essentially socialize themselves. Children form their own gender roles by organizing others behavior, activities, and attributes into gender schemas (people are more likely to remember behaviors that are consistent with their gender schema)

Question 39

What is the social learning theory

Answer 39

Gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment and modeling

Question 39

Types of sexism, based on negative and positive qualities, seen in ambivalent sexism

Answer 39

Ambivalent sexism- the negative attributes of women as inferior and incompetent relative to men
Benevolent sexism- the perception that women need to be protected, supported and adored by men.