Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is memory
The persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills
What behaviors show that memory is functioning
Recall- fill in the blanks
Recognition- multiple choice
Relearning- a measure of how much less work it take you to learn information
What are the three stages of the learning and memory process
Encoding- the information gets into out brains in a way that allows it to be stored (it is selective and prolific)
Storage- the information is held in a way that allows it to be later retrieved
Retrieval- reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded
A path had to be taken to access a memory —-
The more the path is repeated the quicker retrieval is
Long term memory is pulled—–
Into working memory( a copy is transferred then stored as a new memory)
What are explicit, implicit and procedural memories
Explicit “declaritive” memories- facts and experiences that we can continously know and recall
Implicit memories- the one that we are not fully aware of and thus don’t “declare”/ talk about
Procedural memory- such as knowing how to ride a bike and well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings
What are conditioned associations
Associations such as smells that triggers thoughts of a favorite place (goes with implicit memory)
What is the difference between information about space, time and frequency
Space- such as being able to picture where things are after walking through a room
Time- such as retracing a sequence of events if you lost something
Frequency- such as thinking “I just noticed that this is the third texting driver ive passed today”
What is sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording or sensory, only hearing and sight, information before it is processed into short term or long term memory
How much information can be placed in short term memory when focused and free from distractions
7 digits, 6 letters or 5 words
What is short term memory (working memory)
The ability to hold information in our minds for a brief time and work with it
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory
Episodic- the ability to remember the episodes of our lives (ex. Recalling everything you did 2 days ago)
Semantic- our storehouse ot more or less permanent knowledge (ex. Meanings of words)
What is collective memory
The kind of memory that people in a group share (ex. Family, community, schoolmates)
What is autobiographical memory
Remembering specific events that have happened over the course of one’s entire life (ex your experiences in 6th grade) (relys more on personal perspective than episodic memory)
What is distinctiveness
Having an event stand out as quite different from a background of similar events (this is a key yo remembering events)
What is flashbulb memory
Coined by Brown and Kulik- states that highly detailed and vivid memory stems from an emotionally significant event
What is recoding
Taking information from the form it is delivered to us and converting it in a way that we can make sense of (encoding always involves recoding) (can add information that was not in the initial encoding phase)
What are Memory traces (engrams)
A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event (every experience we have changes our brains)
What is consolidation
The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces (the neural changes)
Remembering is—– and isn’t——
Remembering is reconstructive- we reconstruct our past with the aid of memory traces
Remembering is not reproductive- a perfect reproduction or recreation of the past
What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interferences
Retroactive- the phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event
Proactive- when past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones
What is the misinformation effect
When incorrect information occurring after and eventually is remembered as having been part of the original event
What is the difference between available and accessible information
Available- the information that is stored in memory; but precisely how much and what types are stored cannot be known
Accessible- retrievable information which is all that we can know of
What is the encoding specificity principle
The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will only be effective as the extent to which the information encoded from said cue overlaps or matches the information in the memory trace
What is cue Overload principle
Referred to be Watkins— to be effective, a retrieval cue cannot be overloaded with to many memories
What is the testing effect/ retrieval practice effect
The act of retrieval itself makes the retrieved information much more likely to be retrieved again
What is retrieval-induced forgetting
Retrieving some information can actually cause us to forget other information related to it
retrieval practice (repetiton) can—–
Enhance accurate memories, just as it can strengthen errors or false memories
What are mnemonic devices
A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues
