Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Empiricism
The idea that all knowledge comes from experience.
What is Psychophysics
methods for measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and human perception.
What is Introspection
A method of focusing internal processes
who and when was Society of experimental Psychologists established
Established in 1904 by Titchener as he felt the APA didn’t adequatley represent the interests of experimental psychologists.
what was Wilhelm Wundt credited for
credited for the formal development of modern psychology and helped establish the field of experimental psychology.
who are Structuralists
interested in conscious elements of the mind, brought about by Edward Bradford Titchener.
who was Margaret Floy Washburn
the first woman in America to earn an PH. D in psychology in 1894
what is Functionalism
Focused on the utility of consciousness
what claim did William James make about consciousness in the book Principles of Psychology
Consciousness can not be reduced to its component parts
who was Francis Cecil Sumner
First African American in America to earn a PH. D in psychology in 1920
James, Cattell and Hall were apart of a group that imbraced ______ and was influenced by evolutionary theory
Functionalism
what is Gestalt psychology
An attempt to study the unity of experience, began by Max Wertheimer
what is cognitive psychology
the study of mental processes
Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology
Observable behavior
who is Alfred Binet
A French psychologist who invented intelligence tests
who is Lightner Witmer
Founder of both clinical and school psychology.
By what year was there more than 40 experimental psychology laboratories in the US and Canada
1900
Who was Evelyn Hooker
A psychologist whose research influenced the decision to remove hemosexuality from diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in 1973
Father of immunology
Dr. Edward Jenner (first to conceive and test vaccines)
What are some highlights for ethics
Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, benefits and deception
Operational definitions
How researchers specifically measure a concept (must be clearly stated before beginning research)
What is a Confound
Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment
What are some confounds
Placebo effect, participant demand, experimenter expectations
How to avoid confounds
The double blind procedure
What is correlation research
When scientists passively observe and measure phenomenon, not intervening ot changing behaviors like in experiments
What is Correlation
Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together
What is a weak correlation
When an association has many exceptions
What is a strong correlation
When an association has few or no exceptions (the stronger the correlation, the tighter the dots on a scattershot will be) (if the r vaule is large, it is a strong correlation)
What is a participant observation
When the researcher embeds themselves into the group in order to study its dynamics
What is a case study
An intensive examination of specific individuals or specific contexts
What is a narrative analysis
The study of stories and personal accounts of people , groups, or culture (not done face to face)
What is an quasi-experimental design
An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions (relying on existing group memberships. Ex child free vs parents)
What did the research by Clark and Clark show about segregation
It harmed the self esteem of African American children
George Miller’s highly cited 1956 paper about working memory is called “The Magic Number ____, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our capacity for processing information”.
Seven
Who founded the American Psychological Association in 1892
G. Stanley Hall
Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to _____ and was instead controlled by events in environment
The mind
According to the code of ethics, how should a researcher implement deception
Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research is complete
What is debriefing
A set of procedures including the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbidity
What are empirical methods
Approaches to data gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation
What is the idea that scientists can learn more important truths discovered by earlier scientists and build on them
Cumulative
What was the average life expectancy in 1900
47
Who created the self report questionnaire
Francis Galton
