Chapter 1

Question 1

What is Empiricism

Answer 1

The idea that all knowledge comes from experience.

Question 2

What is Psychophysics

Answer 2

methods for measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and human perception.

Question 3

What is Introspection

Answer 3

A method of focusing internal processes

Question 4

who and when was Society of experimental Psychologists established

Answer 4

Established in 1904 by Titchener as he felt the APA didn’t adequatley represent the interests of experimental psychologists.

Question 5

what was Wilhelm Wundt credited for

Answer 5

credited for the formal development of modern psychology and helped establish the field of experimental psychology.

Question 6

who are Structuralists

Answer 6

interested in conscious elements of the mind, brought about by Edward Bradford Titchener.

Question 7

who was Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 7

the first woman in America to earn an PH. D in psychology in 1894

Question 8

what is Functionalism

Answer 8

Focused on the utility of consciousness

Question 9

what claim did William James make about consciousness in the book Principles of Psychology

Answer 9

Consciousness can not be reduced to its component parts

Question 10

who was Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 10

First African American in America to earn a PH. D in psychology in 1920

Question 11

James, Cattell and Hall were apart of a group that imbraced ______ and was influenced by evolutionary theory

Answer 11

Functionalism

Question 12

what is Gestalt psychology

Answer 12

An attempt to study the unity of experience, began by Max Wertheimer

Question 13

what is cognitive psychology

Answer 13

the study of mental processes

Question 14

Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology

Answer 14

Observable behavior

Question 15

who is Alfred Binet

Answer 15

A French psychologist who invented intelligence tests

Question 16

who is Lightner Witmer

Answer 16

Founder of both clinical and school psychology.

Question 17

By what year was there more than 40 experimental psychology laboratories in the US and Canada

Answer 17

1900

Question 18

Who was Evelyn Hooker

Answer 18

A psychologist whose research influenced the decision to remove hemosexuality from diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in 1973

Question 19

Father of immunology

Answer 19

Dr. Edward Jenner (first to conceive and test vaccines)

Question 20

What are some highlights for ethics

Answer 20

Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, benefits and deception

Question 21

Operational definitions

Answer 21

How researchers specifically measure a concept (must be clearly stated before beginning research)

Question 22

What is a Confound

Answer 22

Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment

Question 23

What are some confounds

Answer 23

Placebo effect, participant demand, experimenter expectations

Question 24

How to avoid confounds

Answer 24

The double blind procedure

Question 25

What is correlation research

Answer 25

When scientists passively observe and measure phenomenon, not intervening ot changing behaviors like in experiments

Question 26

What is Correlation

Answer 26

Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together

Question 27

What is a weak correlation

Answer 27

When an association has many exceptions

Question 28

What is a strong correlation

Answer 28

When an association has few or no exceptions (the stronger the correlation, the tighter the dots on a scattershot will be) (if the r vaule is large, it is a strong correlation)

Question 29

What is a participant observation

Answer 29

When the researcher embeds themselves into the group in order to study its dynamics

Question 30

What is a case study

Answer 30

An intensive examination of specific individuals or specific contexts

Question 31

What is a narrative analysis

Answer 31

The study of stories and personal accounts of people , groups, or culture (not done face to face)

Question 32

What is an quasi-experimental design

Answer 32

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions (relying on existing group memberships. Ex child free vs parents)

Question 33

What did the research by Clark and Clark show about segregation

Answer 33

It harmed the self esteem of African American children

Question 34

George Miller's highly cited 1956 paper about working memory is called "The Magic Number ____, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our capacity for processing information".

Answer 34

Seven

Question 35

Who founded the American Psychological Association in 1892

Answer 35

G. Stanley Hall

Question 36

Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to _____ and was instead controlled by events in environment

Answer 36

The mind

Question 37

According to the code of ethics, how should a researcher implement deception

Answer 37

Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research is complete

Question 38

What is debriefing

Answer 38

A set of procedures including the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbidity

Question 39

What are empirical methods

Answer 39

Approaches to data gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Question 40

What is the idea that scientists can learn more important truths discovered by earlier scientists and build on them

Answer 40

Cumulative

Question 41

What was the average life expectancy in 1900

Answer 41

47

Question 42

Who created the self report questionnaire

Answer 42

Francis Galton