Test 2 Flashcards
a bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine
coca
product developed by Angelo Mariani, uses coca leaf extract in many other products
coca wine
crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
coca paste
most common form of pure cocaine, stable water soluble salt
cocaine hydrochloride
extraction of the cocaine base with a solvent
freebase
lumps of cocaine base prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda
crack cocaine
cocaine’s mechanism of action on the brain
blocks dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Time course of effects of cocaine
speed of absorption is fast, rate of elimination is also fast,
rapid onset of effect of cocaine equals what?
high potential of psychological dependence
short duration of action of cocaine equals what?
high potential of physical dependence
cocaine has a half life of what?
one hour
potential beneficial uses of cocaine
local anesthesia
mechanism of action on the brain of amphetamines
causes increased activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by stimulating their release
rate of absorption for amphetamines
fast, generally in minutes
rate of elimination of amphetamines
slow, 6-12 hours
fast onset of effect for amphetamines leads to what?
psychological dependence
long duration of effect for amphetamines leads to what?
physical dependence
half life of amphetamines
5-12 hours
production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
fermentation
evaporation and condensation of alcohol vapors to produce beverage with alcohol content higher than 15 percent
distillation
amount of beverage that contains .5oz/14gm of pure alcohol
standard drink
How is alcohol absorbed?
20 percent in stomach
75 percent in upper small intestines
remaining absorbed along GI tract
some factors that affect alcohol absorption
-carbonation, artificial sweeteners, food in stomach, high alcohol concentration
where is the main site of alcohol metabolism?
the liver
pathway of alcohol exvretion
ethanol to acetaldehyde(using enzyme ADH) to acetate acid(using enzyme ALDH)
What is the legal limit for Blood Alcohol Concentration?
.08%, under age 21 is .01 or .02%
What determines BAC level?
-body weight, percentage of body fat, gender, genetic factors, drinking behavior
the rate of alcohol metabolism is what?
the activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
Mechanism of action of alcohol on the brain
central nervous system depressant, enhances inhibitor effects of GABA
What are the immediate effects of alcohol with low concentration?
mood changes, appetite enhancement
What are the immediate effects of alcohol with high concentration?
peripheral circulation, decreases vasopressin, blackouts, hangover
What is the effect of GABA-A?
sleep
What is the effect of GABA -B?
becoming extremally relaxed
What are the Effects of Chronic Alcohol use?
alters liver function, pancreas inflammation, hypertension, cancer, brain tissue loss, and death
Effects of Alcohol use during pregnancy
more damage during 1st trimester, Fetal Alcohol syndrome, and Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder
having 5 or more drinks in a row within 2 hours at least once in 30 days
binge drinking
DSM-5 anxiety disorders
-specific phobia
-social anxiety disorder
-panic disorder
-general anxiety disorder
fear of something definite
specific phobia
fear of humiliation of embarrassment while being observed by others
social anxiety disorder
sudden unexpected surges in anxiety
panic disorder
reaction to future threats is to worry
general anxiety disorder
DSM-5 mood disorders
-major depressive disorder
-Bipolar 1 disorder
Different Treatment programs for Alcoholism
Alcoholics Anonymous, impatient hospital rehabilitation
drugs used to relax, calm, or tranquilize
sedatives
drugs used to induce sleep
hypnotics
a chemical group of sedative-hypnotics
barbiturates
depressant drugs that do not have the structure of benzodizapenes
nonbenzodizapines
mechanism of actions of depressant drugs
enhance the inhibitory effect of GABA
Short acting Barbiturates
Time of onset: 15 mins
Duration of Action: 2 to 3 hours
Intermediate acting barbiturates
Time of onset: 30 mins
Duration of Action: 5 to 6 hours
Long acting barbiturates
Time of Onset: 1 hour
Duration of Action: 6 to 10 hours
benefits of Barbiturates
anxiolytics, sleeping agent
beneficial uses of benzodiazepine hypnotics
short acting
concerns of benzodiazepine hypnotics
-may induce tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia
concerns of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics
sleepwalking, eating
short acting benzodiazapines
Onset of Effect: 15-20 mins
2-8 hours
intermediate acting benzodiazepines
onset of effect: 30 mins
10 -20 hours
long acting benzodiazepines
onset of effect: 1 hour or more
1-3 days
inhalant effects on brain
causes sensory and psychological disorders
inhalant dangers
kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, irritation of respiratory tract, severe headache, death by suffocation
DSM-5 anxiety disorders
specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder
DSM-5 mood disorders
Bipolar disorder, Major depressive disorder
DSM-5 psychotic disorders
schizophrenia
anatomy of an anxiety disorder
emotion of fear takes the high or low road
anxiety always take the low road(thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
fight or flight response
anatomy of depression
hippocampus affected by depression
low serotonin and dopamine
higher corticosteroids
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
excess of distortions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
loss of functions
anatomy of schizophrenia
dopamine activity goes up
What are the two groups of antipsychotics?
conventional/typical, and typical
mechanism of action for conventional antipsychotics
dopamine antagonists, block D2 receptors, produces pseudoparkinism
mechanism of action for typical antipscyhotics
serotonin antagonists, block D2 dopamine and 5HT2A serotonin receptors, produces less pseudoparkinism
side effects of antipsychotics
allergic reactions, photosensitivity, low WBC, pseudoparkinism, tardive dyskinesia
types of antidepressants
monoamine oxide inhibitors, tricyclics, selective reuptake inhibitors
mechanism of action for monoamine oxide inhibitors
increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by inhibiting enzymatic breakdown
mechanism of action for tricyclics
increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by interfering with reuptake
mechanism of action for selective reuptake inhibitors
increases availability of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in synapse by interfering with reuptake
most effective treatment for severe depression
electroconvulsive shock therapy
mechanism of action of mood stabilizers
modulates the balance between GABA and glutamate receptors
side effects of mood stabilizers
potential threat to all body functions by interfering with Na and K ions
