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HPEX 352 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine

A

coca

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2
Q

product developed by Angelo Mariani, uses coca leaf extract in many other products

A

coca wine

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3
Q

crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine

A

coca paste

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4
Q

most common form of pure cocaine, stable water soluble salt

A

cocaine hydrochloride

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5
Q

extraction of the cocaine base with a solvent

A

freebase

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6
Q

lumps of cocaine base prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda

A

crack cocaine

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7
Q

cocaine’s mechanism of action on the brain

A

blocks dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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8
Q

Time course of effects of cocaine

A

speed of absorption is fast, rate of elimination is also fast,

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9
Q

rapid onset of effect of cocaine equals what?

A

high potential of psychological dependence

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10
Q

short duration of action of cocaine equals what?

A

high potential of physical dependence

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11
Q

cocaine has a half life of what?

A

one hour

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12
Q

potential beneficial uses of cocaine

A

local anesthesia

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13
Q

mechanism of action on the brain of amphetamines

A

causes increased activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by stimulating their release

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14
Q

rate of absorption for amphetamines

A

fast, generally in minutes

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15
Q

rate of elimination of amphetamines

A

slow, 6-12 hours

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16
Q

fast onset of effect for amphetamines leads to what?

A

psychological dependence

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17
Q

long duration of effect for amphetamines leads to what?

A

physical dependence

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18
Q

half life of amphetamines

A

5-12 hours

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19
Q

production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts

A

fermentation

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20
Q

evaporation and condensation of alcohol vapors to produce beverage with alcohol content higher than 15 percent

A

distillation

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21
Q

amount of beverage that contains .5oz/14gm of pure alcohol

A

standard drink

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22
Q

How is alcohol absorbed?

A

20 percent in stomach
75 percent in upper small intestines
remaining absorbed along GI tract

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23
Q

some factors that affect alcohol absorption

A

-carbonation, artificial sweeteners, food in stomach, high alcohol concentration

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24
Q

where is the main site of alcohol metabolism?

A

the liver

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25
Q

pathway of alcohol exvretion

A

ethanol to acetaldehyde(using enzyme ADH) to acetate acid(using enzyme ALDH)

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26
Q

What is the legal limit for Blood Alcohol Concentration?

A

.08%, under age 21 is .01 or .02%

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27
Q

What determines BAC level?

A

-body weight, percentage of body fat, gender, genetic factors, drinking behavior

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28
Q

the rate of alcohol metabolism is what?

A

the activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

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29
Q

Mechanism of action of alcohol on the brain

A

central nervous system depressant, enhances inhibitor effects of GABA

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30
Q

What are the immediate effects of alcohol with low concentration?

A

mood changes, appetite enhancement

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31
Q

What are the immediate effects of alcohol with high concentration?

A

peripheral circulation, decreases vasopressin, blackouts, hangover

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32
Q

What is the effect of GABA-A?

A

sleep

33
Q

What is the effect of GABA -B?

A

becoming extremally relaxed

34
Q

What are the Effects of Chronic Alcohol use?

A

alters liver function, pancreas inflammation, hypertension, cancer, brain tissue loss, and death

35
Q

Effects of Alcohol use during pregnancy

A

more damage during 1st trimester, Fetal Alcohol syndrome, and Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder

36
Q

having 5 or more drinks in a row within 2 hours at least once in 30 days

A

binge drinking

37
Q

DSM-5 anxiety disorders

A

-specific phobia
-social anxiety disorder
-panic disorder
-general anxiety disorder

38
Q

fear of something definite

A

specific phobia

39
Q

fear of humiliation of embarrassment while being observed by others

A

social anxiety disorder

40
Q

sudden unexpected surges in anxiety

A

panic disorder

41
Q

reaction to future threats is to worry

A

general anxiety disorder

42
Q

DSM-5 mood disorders

A

-major depressive disorder
-Bipolar 1 disorder

43
Q

Different Treatment programs for Alcoholism

A

Alcoholics Anonymous, impatient hospital rehabilitation

44
Q

drugs used to relax, calm, or tranquilize

A

sedatives

45
Q

drugs used to induce sleep

A

hypnotics

46
Q

a chemical group of sedative-hypnotics

A

barbiturates

47
Q

depressant drugs that do not have the structure of benzodizapenes

A

nonbenzodizapines

48
Q

mechanism of actions of depressant drugs

A

enhance the inhibitory effect of GABA

49
Q

Short acting Barbiturates

A

Time of onset: 15 mins
Duration of Action: 2 to 3 hours

50
Q

Intermediate acting barbiturates

A

Time of onset: 30 mins
Duration of Action: 5 to 6 hours

51
Q

Long acting barbiturates

A

Time of Onset: 1 hour
Duration of Action: 6 to 10 hours

52
Q

benefits of Barbiturates

A

anxiolytics, sleeping agent

53
Q

beneficial uses of benzodiazepine hypnotics

A

short acting

54
Q

concerns of benzodiazepine hypnotics

A

-may induce tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia

55
Q

concerns of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

A

sleepwalking, eating

56
Q

short acting benzodiazapines

A

Onset of Effect: 15-20 mins
2-8 hours

57
Q

intermediate acting benzodiazepines

A

onset of effect: 30 mins
10 -20 hours

58
Q

long acting benzodiazepines

A

onset of effect: 1 hour or more
1-3 days

59
Q

inhalant effects on brain

A

causes sensory and psychological disorders

60
Q

inhalant dangers

A

kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, irritation of respiratory tract, severe headache, death by suffocation

61
Q

DSM-5 anxiety disorders

A

specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

62
Q

DSM-5 mood disorders

A

Bipolar disorder, Major depressive disorder

63
Q

DSM-5 psychotic disorders

A

schizophrenia

64
Q

anatomy of an anxiety disorder

A

emotion of fear takes the high or low road
anxiety always take the low road(thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
fight or flight response

65
Q

anatomy of depression

A

hippocampus affected by depression
low serotonin and dopamine
higher corticosteroids

66
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

excess of distortions

67
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

loss of functions

68
Q

anatomy of schizophrenia

A

dopamine activity goes up

69
Q

What are the two groups of antipsychotics?

A

conventional/typical, and typical

70
Q

mechanism of action for conventional antipsychotics

A

dopamine antagonists, block D2 receptors, produces pseudoparkinism

71
Q

mechanism of action for typical antipscyhotics

A

serotonin antagonists, block D2 dopamine and 5HT2A serotonin receptors, produces less pseudoparkinism

72
Q

side effects of antipsychotics

A

allergic reactions, photosensitivity, low WBC, pseudoparkinism, tardive dyskinesia

73
Q

types of antidepressants

A

monoamine oxide inhibitors, tricyclics, selective reuptake inhibitors

74
Q

mechanism of action for monoamine oxide inhibitors

A

increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by inhibiting enzymatic breakdown

75
Q

mechanism of action for tricyclics

A

increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by interfering with reuptake

76
Q

mechanism of action for selective reuptake inhibitors

A

increases availability of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in synapse by interfering with reuptake

77
Q

most effective treatment for severe depression

A

electroconvulsive shock therapy

78
Q

mechanism of action of mood stabilizers

A

modulates the balance between GABA and glutamate receptors

79
Q

side effects of mood stabilizers

A

potential threat to all body functions by interfering with Na and K ions

HPEX 352 (12 decks)

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