test 2

Question 1

what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 1

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

Question 2

the white matter in the cerebrum is made of (a) of fibers:
(b) fibers that (b)
(c) fibers that (c)
(d) fibers that (d)

Answer 2

a. 3
b. commissure, connect the right and left hemispheres
c. projection, connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem
d. association, within things within each hemisphere

Question 3

what are basal nuclei

Answer 3

masses of grey matter buried within each hemisphere

Question 4

basal nuclei have 3 functions:
a)
b)
c)

Answer 4

a) help unconscious control of voluntary movements
b) regulate movements, (stop, start and intensity)
c) contribute to procedural (unconscious and long term) learning for cerebral cortex

Question 5

basal nuclei is connected to a), b), and c)

Answer 5

a) cortex motor areas
b) thalamus
c) midbrain

Question 6

the cerebral cortex exhibits 3 abilities:
a)
b)
c)
name their functions

Answer 6

a) topographic mapping: the body’s surface and features of the world are mapped out by the brain

b) plasticity: the ability to reorganize it’s structure, function and connections in response to stimuli

b) lateralization: the left and right part of the brain process info in diff ways and control different patterns of behaviour

Question 7

describe the brodmann’s area

Answer 7

a system to divide the cerebral cortex into regions according to functional organization

Question 8

how do somatopy and cerebral cortex relate

Answer 8

somatopy is how specific functions are localized in different areas in the cerebral cortex

Question 9

what are the rules of somatopy

Answer 9

1. each hemisphere is organized w functions of the opposite side of the body
2. the 2 hemisphere’s arent equal in function
3. no area functions on its own

Question 10

what is the difference between the cerebrum and cerebral cortex

Answer 10

the cerebral cortex lies on the outer layer of the cerebrum. the cerebrum divides the brain into 2 hemispheres

Question 11

the frontal lobe is responsible for a) such as b) and c)

Answer 11

a) voluntary motor
b) thinking (executive functions)
c) personality (emotions and behaviour control)

Question 12

the parietal lobe is responsible for a) such as b) and c)

Answer 12

a) somatosensory
b) touch pressure temp
c) perception and making sense of the world

Question 13

the occipital lobe is responsible for a)

Answer 13

a) vision

Question 14

the temporal lobe is responsible for a) and b)

Answer 14

a) hearing
b) understanding language

Question 15

the motor cortex is responsible for a) and the sensory cortex is responsible for b)

Answer 15

a) movement
b) sensations

Question 16

primary somatosensory is located in a) and receives info about b) from c) and about d) from e).
it’s ability to determine f) is due to g)

Answer 16

a) post central gyrus in parietal lobe
b) touch pressure temp
c) skin receptors
d) joint and muscle position
e) muscles joints and tendons
f) the area of stimulus
g) stimulating the specific neuron path going to specific areas

Question 17

primary visual is located in a) and receives b) from c)

Answer 17

a) occipital lobe
b) visual info
c) eyes

Question 18

primary gustatory is located in the a) and receives b)

Answer 18

a) insula and frontla lobe
b) impulses for taste

Question 18

primary olfactory is located in the a) and receives b)

Answer 18

a) temporal lobe
b) impulses for smell

Question 18

primary motor area is located in a) and it controls b).
electrical signal stimulation causes c) of any motor area
different muscles are represented d)

Answer 18

a) precentral gyrus and frontal lobe
b) voluntary contractions of specific muscle or groups of muscles
c) contraction
d) unequally

Question 18

brocas speech is located in the a) and it controls b).
impulses from the broca’s area to the c) control d)

Answer 18

a) frontal lobe
b) the larynx, pharynx and mouth
c) primary motor area
d) the breathing muscles to regulate air flow

Question 18

frontal eye field is located in the a) and it controls b). more specifically it controls c)

Answer 18

a) frontal lobe
b) eye movement
c) voluntary scanning movement of eyes

Question 18

association areas interpret a). it’s found in b) and are all connected by c).

Answer 18

a) using memory
b) all regions of the brain
c) association tracts

Question 19

somatosensory association receives input from a). it allows you to b) and it’s able to c).

Answer 19

a) from the primary somatosensory area and thalamus
b) determine the exact shape/texture/orientation/relation to others of an object
c) store memories of past somatosensory experiences

Question 20

visual association is located in the a). it recognizes b) and it interprets c)

Answer 20

a) occipital lobe
b) color shape and recognition
c) vision

Question 21

auditory association recognizes a) and interprets b)

Answer 21

a) memory and recognition
b) sound

Question 22

wernicke’s area interprets a) by b)

Answer 22

a) the meaning of speech
b) recognizing spoken words

Question 23

the prefrontal cortex is responsible for the a) like b). it’s connected to the c) and if it’s damaged, then d)

Answer 23

a) makeup of a person’s personality
b) learning, judgement, planning, empathy, mood
c) limbic system
d) rudeness and incapability of empathy

Question 24

pre motor deals with a). it generates b) that cause c). it works mainly by control of d)

Answer 24

a) learned activities of a complex and sequential
b) nerve impulses
c) specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
d) primary motor cortex

Question 25

general interpretative area is located in a) and correlates info from b)

Answer 25

a) temporal parietal occipital
b) sensory info

Question 26

lateralization is a a). both sides receive b) info but with some c). the corpus callosum ensures d).

Answer 26

a) division between the 2 hemispheres
b) the same
c) individual variation
d) instant communication between the 2 sides

Question 27

the left side is a), while the right side is b)

Answer 27

a) logical/sequential processing
b) spatial abilities and musical/artistic abilities and facial recognition

Question 28

sensory info arrives at a) from b). it’s interpreted in c). it’s sent to d). e) and f) set up motor action. g) sends out command to skeletal muscles and spinal cord. h) corrects ongoing movement and receives intent from i).

Answer 28

a) primary somatosensory
b) thalamus
c) somatosensory association
d) prefrontal cortex
e) premotor cortex
f) basal nuclei
g) primary motor
h) cerebellum
i) cortex

Question 29

blood and interstitial fluid move around to a) or b).

Answer 29

a) obtain oxygen and nutrients
b) eliminate CO2/waste

Question 30

interstitial fluid is fluid that a) and is constantly b)

Answer 30

a) bathes body cells
b) renewed by blood

Question 31

describe the way IF and blood work together:
- nutrients/oxygen: a) transports b), which are diffused from c) into d), which is brought to body cells
- CO2/waste: e) receives waste from body cells and transfers it into f). it’s then transported by g) to waste organs for elimination

Answer 31

a) blood
b) O2 and nutrients
c) blood
d) IF
e) IF
f) blood
g) blood

Question 32

blood transports:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Answer 32

a) respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
b) nutrients and waste
c) hormones
d) heat

Question 33

blood helps regulate the body, as a) helps maintain b). For example, it regulates by using c), helps adjust d) and regulates e)

Answer 33

a) circulation
b) homeostasis
c) buffers for pH
d) body temp
e) ion concentration and blood volume

Question 34

physical characteristics of blood
- it’s a) than water and slightly b)
- the color varies with c)
–> bright red when d)
–> dark red when e)

Answer 34

a) denser
b) sticky
c) oxygen content
d) saturated with o2
e) unsaturated with o2

Question 35

plasma makes up a) of blood. it’s the b) part of blood as it’s a c) . It’s made of dissolved substances, particularly d).

the e) only found in blood are called f), and they’re synthesized by the g).

Answer 35

a) 55%
b) fluid
c) watery liquid extracellular matrix.
d) proteins, ions, nutrients and waste

e) proteins
f) plasma proteins or dissolved proteins
g) liver

Question 36

there are a) types of plasma proteins or dissolved proteins.

The first is b). it makes up c) of the proteins, as it’s considered the d) plasma protein. it’s a major contributor to e), transports f) and acts as a g).

the second plasma protein is a). it’s function is b). This happens because the c), which is d), is converted into e), which is f)

the third plasma protein is a). it transports b) for c). d)/e) are a type of a) that are produced during f).

Answer 36

a) 3
b) albumin
c) 60%
d) major
e) osmotic pressure in blood
f) fatty acids, steroids and hormones
g) buffer

a) fibrinogen
b) blood clotting
c) fibrinogen
d) soluble
e) fibrin
f) insoluble

a) globulin
b) proteins
c) metals, fat and thyroid hormone
d) antibodies
e) immunoglobulins
f) immune responses

Question 37

formed elements make up a) of blood. it consists of b).
- c) of formed elements are d), which transport e) from lungs to body cells, and transport f) from body cells to lungs.
- the rest of formed elements are made of a) and b). a) protects the body from c), while also contributes to the body’s d). b) are fragments of e) with no f). they release chemicals that promote g) when h) are damaged.

Answer 37

a) 45%
b) cell and cell fragments
c) 99%
d) red blood cells
e) oxygen
f) co2

a) white blood cells
b) platelets
c) invading pathogens and foreign substances
d) defence mechanism
e) cells
f) nucleus
g) blood clotting
h) blood vessels

Question 38

hematocrit is known as the a). it indicates the b) of blood. on average c) have a higher hematocrit than d) because e) stimulates the synthesis of a f) that g).

Answer 38

a) the percentage of total blood volume occupied by rbc
b) the oxygen carrying capacity
c) males
d) females
e) testosterone
f) hormone
g) stimulates the production of rbc

Question 39

densities of components of blood:
a) > b) > c)

Answer 39

a) formed elements
b) buffy coat (wbc and platelets)
c) blood plasma

Question 40

blood contributes to different kinds of homeostasis:
the first way is by a) being in equilibrium with b). this occurs because the c) of b) is controlled by the d) of a). the difference between the two is that a) contains e) while b) doesn’t.

The second way is a), which is described as the b) on c) due to d). in other words, its the e) that must be applied in order to f) . it’s caused by g) because they h).

the last way is by a), which is the b). this can happen due to c), which form a d). or it can happen due to e), which is triggered by f).

Answer 40

a) plasma
b) IF
c) ion composition
d) ion composition
e) proteins

a) osmotic pressure
b) pulling force
c) water
d) the presence of solutes in solution
e) minimum pressure
f) prevent the flow of water across a permeable membrane
g) albumin proteins
h) pull water into blood

a) hemostasis
b) stopping of blood flow
c) platelets
d) temporary plug when they swell and stick together
e) fibrin
f) wound signals

Question 41

the position of the heart is as follows:
- it rests on the a) near the midline of the b)
- it’s in the c), which is between d)
- it’s slightly tilted to the e)

Answer 41

a) diaphragm
b) thoracic cavity
c) mediastinum
d) the lungs
e) left

Question 42

the pericardium is the a) that b) the heart. it confines the heart to its c) but allows enough movement for d). it’s made of 2 main parts.

the first is the a), and it’s b). it’s made of c) and resembles a d) attached to the diaphragm. it prevents the heart from e), f) the heart and g) the heart to the mediastinum

the second is the a), and it’s b). it’s a c) layer that forms a d) around the heart. the outer e) layer is fused to the f). and the g) is the inner h) layer. it i) to the surface of the heart.

Answer 42

a) membrane
b) surrounds and protects
c) position
d) contraction

a) fibrous pericardium
b) superficial
c) tough, inelastic dense irregular connective tissue
d) bag
e) overstretching
f) protects
g) anchors

a) serous pericardium
b) deep
c) thinner and more delicate
d) double layer
e) parietal
f) fibrous pericardium
g) epicardium
h) visceral
i) adheres

Question 43

the pericardial cavity is the cavity a). it holds the b), which c)

Answer 43

a) between the parietal and visceral layers
b) pericardial fluid
c) reduces friction

Question 44

there are 3 layers of the heart:

the outermost layer is the a). it’s the visceral layer of the b). it’s thin, transparent layer is made of c), and under that, there’s d) and e), that’s thickest over the f).

the middle layer is the a), and it makes up b) of the wall. it’s responsible for the c). it’s made of d), which is wrapped in e) by sheaths of f) and g). it’s also made of h), which wrap around and anchor the i) and electrically isolate the j).

the third layer is the a). it’s made of b) and c) for a d) surface. it provides e) for the heart chambers and f) the valves

Answer 44

a) epicardium
b) serous pericardium
c) mesothelium
d) fibro elastic tissue
e) adipose tissue
f) ventricles

a) myocardium
b) 95%
c) pumping action
d) cardiac muscles
e) bundles
f) endomysium
g) perimysium
h) fibrous skeleton fibers
i) valves
j) atria and ventricles

a) endocardium
b) simple squamous epithelium
c) connective tissue
d) frictionless
e) smoothness
f) covers

Question 45

vocab:
- pulmonary circuit: a)
- systemic circuit: b)
- coronary circuit: c)

Answer 45

a) right side pumps blood to lungs to pick up o2 and unload co2
b) left side pumps to the tissues of the body to deliver nutrients and 02, while picking up co2
c) supplies blood to heart

Question 46

there are 4 chambers in the heart. 2 a) chambers, known as the b), and 2 c) chambers, known as d)

Answer 46

a) superior receiving
b) atria
c) inferior pumping
d) ventricles

Question 47

auricles have a a) appearance
their function is to b)

Answer 47

a) dog ear
b) increase the capacity of atrias to hold a greater volume of blood

Question 48

sulci are the a) that mark the b) between c).
there are two main types. the first is d), which encircles e) and marks the f). the second is g), which marks the h)

Answer 48

a) grooves
b) external boundaries
c) the 2 chambers
d) coronary sulcus
e) most of the heart
f) boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles
g) anterior inter ventricular sulcus
h) boundary between the right and left ventricles

Question 49

the right atrium receives blood from 3 veins, a), b), c). blood passes from right atrium to right d) through the e), which is also known as the f)

Answer 49

a) superior vena cava
b) inferior vena cava
c) coronary sinus
d) ventricle
e) tricuspid valve
f) atrioventricular valve

Question 50

the right ventricle forms most of the a) surface. inside has ridges, which are b), made of c). the AV valve is connected to d), which are tendon like, are are connected to the c). blood passes from the right ventricle, through the e), which leads into the f). f) then splits into the left and right g). blood is then carried out of the heart and into the h).

Answer 50

a) anterior
b) trabecular carnae
c) bundles of cardiac muscle
d) chordae tendinae
e) semilunar valve
f) pulmonary trunk
g) arteries
h) lungs

Question 51

the left atrium receives blood from a) through 4 b). blood goes from left atrium to c) through the d), also known as the e)

Answer 51

a) lungs
b) pulmonary veins
c) left ventricle
d) bicuspid valve
e) av valve

Question 52

the left ventricle is the a) chamber of the heart and forms the b). it contains c), and has d), which anchor the e) of the bicuspid valve. blood goes through the f) into the g). then some blood goes to the h), which brings blood to the heart walls, and the rest goes to the i), which brings the blood to the body

Answer 52

a) thickest
b) apex
c) trabeculae carnae
d) choardae tendineae
e) cusps
f) aortic semilunar valve
g) ascending aorta
h) coronary arteries
i) aortic arch

Question 53

the thickness of the myocardinal varies with the functions of each chamber
the atria are a) and deliver blood under b) over c) distances
the ventricles are d) and pump blood under e) over f) distances. ventricles carry g) amounts of blood.

• the right ventricle has a a) workload and pumps blood to b) with c) pressure and d) resistance. it has a e) lumen.
• the left ventricle has a f) workload and pumps blood to g) with h) pressure and i) resistance. it has a j) lumen

Answer 53

a) thin walled
b) less pressure
c) shorter
d) thick walled
e) more pressure
f) longer distances
g) same

a) smaller
b) lungs
c) lower
d) less
e) crescent shape
f) greater
g) body
h) higher
i) greater
j) circular shaped

Question 54

Heart valves open and close in response to a) changes. they ensure b)-way flow, open to c) and close to d).

Answer 54

a) pressure
b) one
c) let blood thru
d) prevent backflow

Question 55

AV valve are located between the a) and the b). it can either be 2 flaps, c), or 3 flaps, d).
when relaxed, cusps are e) and chordae are f). and blood can pass through. when contracted, the pressure of blood g) and muscles contract and h) chordae

Answer 55

a) atria
b) ventricle
c) bicuspid
d) tricuspid
e) flattened against ventricles
f) slack
g) forces cusps upward until the opening is closed
h) tighten

Question 56

there are two types of semilunar valve: a) and b). they’re found between the c) and d). they’re shaped with e) cusps. act like a f) to prevent backflow of blood. they open when the pressure in ventricles is g) than pressure in arteries.

Answer 56

a) aortic
b) pulmonary
c) ventricles
d) vessels
e) 3
f) parachute
g) greater

Question 57

the systemic circulation is on the a) side of the heart. it receives b) blood from c). blood is sent into the d) from the e) and is divided into separate streams. f) carry it to the g).

the pulmonary circulation is on the a) side of the heart. it receives b) blood returning from the c). blood is brought to d) that carry blood to e). blood containing f) is brought to g).

Answer 57

a) left
b) oxygenated
c) lungs
d) aorta
e) left ventricle
f) systemic arteries
g) body

a) right
b) deoxygenated
c) systemic side
d) pulmonary arteries
e) lungs
f) oxygen
g) left atrium

Question 58

electrical activity causes the heart to a). b) fibers are a network of c) that is the source of the electrical activity, as they repeatedly generate d) that trigger e). they’re f).

Answer 58

a) beat
b) auto-rhythmic
c) cardiac fibers
d) action potentials
e) heart contractions
f) self excitable

Question 59

the cardiac conduction system
1. excitation begins in the a) in the b) wall. it doesn’t have a stable c), so it repeatedly d), which is called e). when e) reaches it’s threshold, it triggers an f) that propagates through g)

2. the a) travels along the b) and reaches the c). c) causes a delay that allows d) to e) and f)
3. a) enters the b). this is the only side a) can conduct from the c) to d)
4. a) enters b), which extend to the c)
5. a) quickly conduct the b) upwards. this causes c) to d), which pushes blood towards the e)

Answer 59

a) SA node
b) right atrium wall
c) resting potential
d) depolarizes to threshold spontaneously
e) pace maker potential
f) action potential
g) both atria

a) action potential
b) atrial muscle fibers
c) AV node
d) atria
e) empty blood into ventricles
f) allow atria and ventricles to contract separately

a) action potential
b) av bundle
c) atria
d) ventricles

a) action potential
b) both right and left bundle branches
c) apex

a) purkinje fibers
b) act pot
c) ventricles
d) contract
e) semilunar valves

Question 60

the pace maker of the heart is the a) as the b) in the a) initate the c) and set the rhythm for contraction

Answer 60

a) sa node
b) auto-rhythmic fibers
c) action potential

Question 61

the action potentials of the heart
- it’s initiated by the a) and it spreads to excite the b), also known as contractile fibers

the first step is a). the contractile fibers have a stable resting potential at b). the fibers are brought to c) by the act pot and d) open, letting e) in. after a couple milliseconds, the d) automatically inactivate and f) decreases.

the second step is a). this is a period of b). it’s caused by the opening of c). some d) open too, which balances the e) outflow. this period is slow, and the membrane potential is aprox. f)

the last step is a). the b) open and the c) outflow restores the d). e) are closing

a second contraction can’t be triggered until relaxation

Answer 61

a) sa node
b) ventricular fibers

a) depolarization
b) -90 mV
c) threshold
d) fast Na voltage channels
e) Na
f) Na inflow

a) plateau
b) maintained depolarization
c) voltage gated slow ca channels
d) k channels
e) ca
f) 0 mV

a) repolarization
b) k channels
c) k
d) negative resting membrane potential
e) ca channels

Question 62

an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the a) generated by b). it’s uses are to determine:
c)
d)
e)
f)
during the plateau period, the ecg is g)

Answer 62

a) electrical currents
b) the act pot that propagates thru the heart
c) if the conducting pathway is abnormal
d) the heart is enlarged
e) if regions of the heart are damaged
f) causes of chest pain
g) flat

Question 63

3 waves appear during an ecg:
p wave:
- a) of the b). when the impulse spreads from the c) through the d) and triggers e)

qrs complex:
- rapid a). the b) spreads thru the c). it’s also the d)

t wave:
- a) of the b) as they start to relax

Answer 63

a) depolarization
b) atria
c) sa node
d) contractile fibers in both atria
e) atrial contractions

a) ventricle depolarization
b) act pot
c) ventricular contraction fibers
d) repolarization of the atria

a) repolarization
b) ventricles

Question 64

the p-q interval is the a) from the beginning of b) to the start of c). its the time for the d) to travel thru the e), f), g) of conduction system

Answer 64

a) conduction time
b) atrial excitation
c) ventricular excitation
d) act pot
e) atria,
f) av node,
g) fibers

Question 65

the s-t interval is the time when the a) are b) during the c) phase

Answer 65

a) ventricular contraction fibers
b) depolarized
c) plateau

Question 66

the q-t interval is the start of a) to the end of b)

Answer 66

a) ventricular depolarization
b) ventricular repolarization

Question 67

systole is a) and diastole is b)

Answer 67

a) phase of contraction
b) phase of relaxation

Question 68

how does ecg predict atrial/ventricle systole and diastole?

1. cardiac act pot arises in a). it propagates through b) and down to the c). as the d) depolarize, the e) wave appears
2. a) contract, which is known as b). the act pot slows at the c) and this delay allows for d). this adds blood to the e) before f) starts
3. the act pot propagates again after entering the a). it travels through the b), c) and d). e) moves upward away from the apex and outwards towards the f) surface. this makes the g) wave. at the same time, h) is occuring.
4. contraction of a) begins, also known as b). blood is squeezed upwards towards the c)

5) repolarization of a) starts at apex and works it way up. the b) wave appears. after this wave, the c) relax

Answer 68

a) sa node
b) atrial muscle
c) av node
d) atrial fibers
e) p

a) atria
b) atrial systole
c) av node
d) atria to contract
e) ventricles
f) ventricular systole starts

a) av bundle
b) bundle branches
c) purkinje fibers
d) ventricular fibers
e) depolarization
f) endocardial
g) qrs complex
h) atrial repolarization

a) ventricular fibers
b) ventricular systole
c) SL valves

a) ventricular fibers
b) t
c) ventricles relax (diastole)

Question 69

heart sounds are due to a). there are 4 but you can only hear b)

Answer 69

a) blood turbulence caused by the closing of valves
b) 2

Question 70

the first heart sound is a). its b) than the second one. it’s caused by c)

Answer 70

a) lub
b) louder and longer
c) blood turbulence w closure of av valves after ventricular systole begins

Question 71

the second heart sound is a). it’s b) than the first one. it’s caused by c)

Answer 71

a) dup
b) shorter and quieter
c) blood turbulence w closure of SL valves at start of ventricular diastole

Question 72

when you hear a pause, it marks the a).
when you hear a murmur, its a b)

Answer 72

a) end of systole and beginning of diastole
b) imbalance of blood flow and incompetent valve

Question 73

cardiac output is a).
CO = b) x c)
b) = d)

Answer 73

a) volume of blood ejected from the ventricular into the aorta/pulmonary trunk
b) SV (stroke volume)
c) HR
d) EDV - ESV

Question 74

there are 3 factors that regulate SV and ensure the ventricles pump equal amounts of blood. what are they?
a)
b)
c)

Answer 74

a) pre load
b) contractility
c) afterload

Question 75

preload is the a). the b) the pre load, the c) the force of contraction on the muscle fibers.

EDV is affected in 2 ways. the first is by the a). this is because an b) in HR means a c) in duration of diastole, which equals a d) EDV. this causes a e) in SV and f) preload. the second way is by venous return, which is g). if there’s an h) in venous return, a i) volume of blood flows into the ventricle, and that causes an j) in EDV.

A fast HR = a) in SV = b) in EDV = c) Pre load.
a slow HR = d) in SV = e) in EDV = f) Pre load.

Answer 75

a) degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
b) greater
c) greater

a) duration of ventricular diastole
b) inc
c) decrease
d) smaller
e) dec
f) lower
g) the volume of blood returning to the right ventricle
h) inc
i) larger
j) inc

a) dec
b) dec
c) slower
d) inc
e) inc
f) larger

Question 76

contractility is a). an b) in contractility means a c) of d).
- positive d) promote the inflow of e) during cardiac ac pot, which f) the force of the next contraction. another way to cause an inflow of e), is by g) and h)
- a i) in contractility is due to negative d). this is caused by j), k), l). it causes a m) in the strength of your heart beat.

Answer 76

a) strength of contraction at any preload
b) inc
c) inc
d) inotropic agents
e) Ca
f) inc the strength
g) stimulation of ANS
h) hormones (E and NE)
i) dec
j) inhibition of ANS
k) anesthetics
l) inc of K in IF
m) dec

Question 77

afterload is the a). an inc in afterload = a b) in SV so that c).

Answer 77

a) the pressure that must be overcome before a SL valve can open
b) dec
c) more blood remains in the ventricle at the end of systole

Question 78

if there was nothing controlling the SA node, it would set a constant HR of a). There are 2 types of regulation:

the first is a). it originates in the b) of the c). it has receptors that tell c) what to send to the b). the first is proprioreceptors that monitor d). next is chemoreceptors that monitor e), and baroreceptors that monitor f).

the second is a). it does this w hormones such as b). it enhances the hearts c) and inc d). exercise, stress, excitement all cause more hormones to be released.

Answer 78

a) 100 bpm

a) autonomic regulation
b) cardiovascular center
c) medulla oblongata
d) the position of limbs/muscles and sends nerve impulses at an intense freq to the cc. reason for quick rise in HR when you start working out.
e) chemical changes in blood
f) stretching of major arteries/vessels caused by pressure of blood flow

a) chemical regulation
b) epinephrine and norepinephrine
c) pumping affectedness
d) hr and contractility

Question 79

arteries are a) vessels. they carry blood b) the heart. it goes from heart to c) to d) to e) to f)

Answer 79

a) efferent
b) away from
c) medium arteries
d) small arteries
e) arterioles
f) capillaries

Question 80

capillaries are the a). groups of capillaries reunite to form b) and merge into c)

Answer 80

a) exchange site
b) venules (small veins)
c) veins

Question 81

veins are a) vessels. they carry blood b) the heart.

Answer 81

a) afferent
b) to

Question 82

the functions of the endocrine system are
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Answer 82

a) growth and development
b) metabolism (energy)
c) fluid composition and volume of ecf
d) react to environmental changes
e) control aspects of reproduction

Question 83

the difference between the endocrine and nervous system:

the endo system releases a) signals. the target is b). it’s c) acting and is d) in duration. it’s involved in e).

the nervous system releases a) signals. the target is b). it’s c) acting and is d) in duration. it’s involved in e).

Answer 83

a) chemical
b) reached by blood stream
c) slow
d) long lasting

a)chemical and electrical
b) adjacent
c) fast acting
d) short
e) movement and crisis management

Question 84

a hormone is a)
a gland is b)
a target cell is c)

Answer 84

a) chemical produced by a gland or organ that are released into the bloodstream and act on and alter target cells
b) organ or tissue that secrets hormones
c) a cell that has receptors for a particular hormone and is capable of responding to it.

Question 85

what’s the difference between the 3 chemical signals:
a) paracrine factors
b) hormone
c) NT

Answer 85

a) chemical signals that are produced by one cell and act on neighbouring cells in the same tissue/organ
b) chemical messengers that are produced by specialized glands and are transported through the bloodstream to act on specific target cells
c) chemical signals that are produced by neurons in the NS and are used to transmit signals across the synapses between neurons

Question 86

an exocrine gland a) ducts and secretes products b)

an endocrine gland c) ducts and secretes products d)

Answer 86

a) has
b) onto body surfaces
c) has no
d) into IF or blood vessels

Question 87

hormones alter cellular activity by a) to b). this triggers c) that can result in d). for lipid soluble hormones, they e) into the f) and binds to g). this causes h)-lasting changes in i).
for water soluble hormones, they a) to b) on the c), which triggers d). this causes e-lasting changes.

Answer 87

a) binding
b) specific receptors on the surface or inside target cells
c) intracellular signalling pathways
d) changes in genes transcription, enzyme activity, etc
e) diffuse
f) nucleus
g) DNA
h) long
i) cellular activity

a) bind
b) receptors
c) surface of target cells
d) intracellular signalling events
e) short

Question 88

hormones can be classified based on a), b), c)

Answer 88

a) chemical structure
b) function
c) site of production

Question 89

in terms of chemical structure, hormones can be classified into:
a), which are derived from b). Some examples are c)
d), which are made of e). some examples are f)
g), which are derived from h). some examples are i).

Answer 89

a) steroid hormones
b) cholesterol
c) testosterone, estrogen, cortisol
d) peptide hormones
e) chains of amino acids
f) insulin and growth hormone
g) amine hormones
h) amino acid tyrosine
i) epinephrine

Question 90

lipid soluble vs water soluble:

lipid soluble are able to a) through the b) due to their c) nature. inside the cell, they bind to d) in the e), which form f) that regulate gene expression

water soluble hormones bind to a) rather than b) due to being c). the binding triggers d) that result in changes in e)

Answer 90

a) diffuse
b) plasma membrane of target cell
c) hydrophobic
d) hormone receptors
e) cytoplasm or nucleus
f) hormone receptor complexes

a) receptors on the surface of target cells
b) diffusing into the cell
c) hydrophilic
d) intracellular signalling events
e) gene transcription, enzyme activity and ion channel opening.

Question 91

the second messenger signalling system is used by a) because they b) enter a cell, only bind to c). the role of a second messenger is to d).

the pathway involves a a), located on b), which activates c). that protein then activates d), who converts e) into f). f) then serves as the second messenger that activates g), which then h) leading to changes in cellular activity.

Answer 91

a) water soluble hormones
b) cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
c) receptors on the cell surface
d) amplify the signal initiated by the binding of the hormone

a) G protein-couple receptor
b) the surface of the target cell
c) a G protein when a hormone binds to it.
d) adenyl cyclase, which is an enzyme
e) ATP
f) cyclic AMP (cAMP)
g) protein kinases
l) phosphorylate and activate downstream effector proteins

Question 92

describe the difference between signaling systems for the lipid and water hormones

Answer 92

lipid: diffuse thru the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell. Once binded, the hormone receptor complex moves into the nucleus and binds to different regions of DNA. this is a slower bc it requires the synthesis of new proteins to produce a response

water: bind to receptors on the outside of the cell, and requires the usage of a second messenger. it;s faster

Question 93

what’s the role of the hypothalamus in the endo system

Answer 93

it’s a link between the NS and endo system because it regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. it produces hormones that eitther stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormons, which regulate the functions of other endocrine glands in the body

Question 94

what is tropic?

Answer 94

the hormone that regulate the function of other endocrine glands in the body. they’re produced by the pituitary gland

Question 95

what is the HPA axis

Answer 95

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal azis, which is a feedback system that regulates the production and release of the cortisol in response to stress

Question 96

how does the HPA axis work?

When the body is stressed, the a) releases b), which stimulates c) to release d). d) then travels through the bloodstream to e), where it stimulates f)

Answer 96

a) hypothalamus
b) CRH
c) pituitary gland
d) ACTH
e)adrenal glands on the kidneys
f) the release of cortisol

Question 97

antagonistic hormones vs synergistic hormones

Answer 97

anta: hormones with opposing effects. ex. insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon increases blood glucose
syn: hormones that work together. ex. growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor ( IGF) both promote growth

Question 98

structure of the somatic ns vs autonomic ns:

the somatic NS’s effector is a), it has a motor neuron path of b) motor neurons, and the NT released is c)

the autonomic NS’s effector is a), it has a motor neuron path of b) motor neurons, and the NT released is c)

Answer 98

a) skeletal muscle
b) 2
c) ACH

a) smooth, cardiac, glands
b) 3
c) ACH and E

Question 99

the role of the sympathetic NS is a) and the role of the parasympathetic NS is b)

Answer 99

a) mobilize body for action
b) a system of maintenance and repair

Question 100

the sympathetic nervous system has a a) preganglionic fiber and a b) post ganglionic fiber. it releases c) in preganglionic synapse and d) on target cells. it originates in e) of spinal cord and it’s reaction is f) and g) lasting.

the para has a a) preganglionic fiber and a b) post ganglionic fiber. it releases c) in preganglionic synapse and d) on target cells. it originates in e) of spinal cord and it’s reaction is f) and g) lasting.

Answer 100

a) short
b) long
c) ACH
d) Epinephrine/norepinephrine
e) thoracic lumbar region
f) widely spread
g) long lasting

a) long
b)short
c) ACH
d) ACH
e) cranial sacral region
f) short spread
g) short

Question 101

why does the sympathetic nervous response have a longer and more widely distributed affect

Answer 101

because epinephrine is released into the blood stream and it has a lot more branching

Question 102

what is the control system for the ANS

Answer 102

hypothalamus or medulla –> brainstem

Question 103

which target tissues are solely innervated (supplied with veins)
in the para:
in the sym:

Answer 103

para: lacrimal gland
sym: sweat glands, blood vessels and adrenal medulla