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spinal cord (nervous system) Flashcards

1
Q

sensory vs motor path

A

sensory: towards
motor: away

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2
Q

integration

A

processing of info and a decision is made

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3
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: all neural tissue outside of CNS (nerves, ganglia, receptors)

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4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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5
Q

grey matter

A

cells bodies of neurons, neuroglia cells and unmyelinated processes

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6
Q

what are the synonyms for white matter

A

nerve: bundle of axons that link NS to other systems (white matter)
tracts: bundle of axons with common origin/function/destination
columns: larger tracts

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7
Q

what are the synonyms for grey matter

A

nucleus/center: group of cell bodies with a common function in the CNS
cortex: outer layer of grey matter
ganglion: clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS and in the PNS

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8
Q

Longitudinal section of spinal cord –> regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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9
Q

what is a plexus

A

atoms that extend our from spinal cord and form networks on both sides

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10
Q

what are types of plexus

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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11
Q

conus medullaris and terminal filum

A

the tapering and end point of the spinal cord

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12
Q

cauda equina

A

group of nerves that travel down the spinal column until exiting

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13
Q

dermatomes

A

Area that is supplied by a single nerve

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14
Q

what are meninges

A

connective tissue coverings around spinal cord and brain

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of meninges and what is their function

A

dura mater:
arachnoid mater:
pia mater:

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16
Q

what are the spaces

A

subarachnoid: shock absorption and holds CSF
epidural space: holds fat, spinal cord only
subdural space: adheres dura to arachnoid

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17
Q

describe the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus - ventricles (later, interventrical foramen, third and fourth ventricle) - central canal, medial and lateral apertures - cisternae
of subarachnoid space (SAS) - arachnoid villi - dural sinuses

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18
Q

arachnoid villi

A

one way valve that returns CSF to venous blood by dural sinuses from the SAS

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19
Q

how do choroid plexus form CSF

A

from blood

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20
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neuron (unipolar)

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21
Q

dorsal root

A

axons of sensory neurons that bring info to spinal cord

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22
Q

ventral root

A

axons of motor neurons –> carry info away from spinal cord to muscles/glands

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23
Q

spinal nerve

A

fusion of dorsal and ventral roots containing a mix of sensory and motor

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24
Q

rami (ramus)

A

branches distal to spinal nerve

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25
communicantes
branches of the ramus to the sympathetic ganglion
26
horns
projections of grey matter of spinal cord
27
commissure
connection between left and right sides of the grey matter of the spinal cord
28
dorsal white columns
3 neuron path of sensory info of touch and pressure
29
lateral/medial corticospinal
precise skeletal muscle movement of hands and body
30
meningitis
inflammation of the membranes from bacterial or viral infections
31
blood brain barrier
selective barrier created by layer of squamous epithelial cells of the capillary and a layer of astrocyte processes isolates blood from interstitial fluid of CNS
32
dural venous sinuses
collect venous blood from the brain and direct it to the internal jugular veins
33
ventricle
chamber
34
sinuses
space referring to large venous vessels
35
reflex
automatic response to a specific stimulus
36
what are the characteristics of reflexes
- rapid - involuntary - predictable response - innate or learned
37
visceral or autonomic reflex
reflex of smooth muscle/cardiac muscle or gland
38
somatic reflex
reflex of skeletal muscles
39
reflex arc
path/flow of info
40
contralateral
motor response occurs on opposite sides of the body to stimulus (crosses)
41
reciprocal inhibition
in antagonistic muscles (muscles that oppose each other --> one is stimulator other is inhibited)
42
2 types of reflexes
1. stretch; regulates muscle length (stimulus - inc in muscle length, response, contraction) --> 2 neuron reflex arc 2. withdrawal: withdrawal of limb from pain --> 3 neuron reflex arc
43
what is sensation and perception
sensation: awareness of the sense perception: involves interpretation of the sense
44
what are the 11 types of receptors in the PNS
1. simple receptor (dendrite ending) 2. mechanoreceptor: responds to mechanical force 3. baroreceptor: detect pressure changes 4. thermoreceptor: responds to temperature 5. photoreceptor: respond to light 6. chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals 7. nociceptors: respond to damaging signals resulting in pain 8. exteroreceptors: receptors on body surface 9. proprioreceptors: monitoring body position and movement 10. visceral receptors: monitor internal system 11. interoreceptors: respond to stimuli inside the body
45
2 types of corpuscle
meissner: encapsulated dendrite ending that detects light touch pacinian: encapsulated dendrite ending monitors deep pressure
46
muscle spindle proprioceptor
dendrite ending that detects muscle stretch
47
what do the distribution of plexus reach
cervical: supplies neck and thoracic cavity brachial: upper limbs lumbar: lower limbs sacral: lower limbs
48
what are the 2 sensory pathways
posterior column: touch and pressure spinothalamic: pain
49
what are the 2 motor pathways
pyramidal: voluntary skilled movement extrapyramidal: involuntary muscle movement
50
referred pain
51
pyramidal pathway
52
dorsal column pathway
53
somatic
superficial part of the body
54
autonomic
internal organs that self govern
55
ganglion
a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
56
preganglion + post ganglion
pre: before the ganglion post: after the ganglion
57
terminal + collateral ganglion
terminal: ganglion near/within effector organ collateral: branch of sympathetic chain
58
sympathetic chain
ganglion chain near the spinal cord
59
dual innervation
organ is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic system
60
antagonistic
opposing actions or effects
61
adrenal medulla
misplaced ganglion of the sympathetic system that releases NT into blood
62
sympathetic vs parasympathetic system
symp: emergency and excitement para: rest and digest

anatomy (12 decks)

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