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anatomy > lab exam 2 > Flashcards

lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the path of the RBC through the heart

A

Body - Vena Cava - right atrium - tricuspid av valve - right ventricle - pulmonary SL valve - pulmonary trunk and arteries - lungs pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid av valve - left ventricle - aortic SL valve - aorta - body

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2
Q

t

The three heart sounds are a), b), c)

A

a) lub
b) dup
c) pause

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3
Q

what are the heart sounds caused by

A

turbulence heard when valves close, which disrupts the blood flow

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4
Q

the heart

the lub sound is due to a) and marks b)

A

a) closing of the AV valves
b) the end of ventricular diastole and the beginning of systole

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5
Q

the dup sound is due to a) and marks b)

A

a) closing of the SL valve
b) the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of diastole

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of the atria

A
  1. receive blood returning to the heart
  2. facilitate circulation by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart during ventricular systole
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7
Q

the atrias have a) walls and b) chambers

A

a) thin walls
b) expandable chambers

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8
Q

what is the function of the ventricles

A

pump blood into the circuits

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9
Q

ventricles wall are a) with more b)

A

a) thick
b) cardia muscle

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10
Q

why is the wall of the heart of the left side thicker than the right?

A

the left ventricles requires more force because it needs to pump blood through the systemic circuit (which is longer)

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11
Q

how much longer is the systemic circuit than the pulmonary

A

5x

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12
Q

define the coronary circulation

A
  • coronary arteries carrying oxygenated blood branch off from the aorta
  • returns to the heart with deoxugenated blood at the posterior right atrium through the coronary sinus
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13
Q

which circuit is the shortest

A

coronary

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14
Q

what are anastomoses

A

alternative route in circulation that blood can take if a vessel becomes blocked

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15
Q

describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity

A
  • in the mediastinum
  • directly behind the sternum
  • off the midline
  • rotated to the left
  • tilted onti its side
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16
Q

when blood flow a), then sound b)
when blood flow c), then sound d)

A

a) inc
b) inc
c) dec
d) dec

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17
Q

during slow deep inhalation, blood flow a) and sound b)

A

a) slows
b) dec

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18
Q

during slow exhalation, flow a) and sound b)

A

a) inc
b) dec

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19
Q

Heart rate a) with deep breathing. this happens because b). Don’t forget that slow deep inhalation causes blood flow to c).

A

a) increases
b) it’s trying to compensate for less blood being delivered to the left atrium
c) slow

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20
Q

with deep expiration, heart rate a), compensating for b). don’t forget that slow exhalation causes a c) in blood flow.

A

a) dec
b) inc blood flow to Left atrium
c) inc

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21
Q

what is an ecg

A

graphic representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle

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22
Q

how can the electrical activity of the heart muscles be detected for an ecg

A

by placing electrodes on the skin

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23
Q

how can electrical activity of the cardiac muscles pass through the body

A

because the body fluids contain high concentrations of electrolyte

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24
Q

list the components (in order) of depolarization

A

sa node - av node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers

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25
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart

A

cells of the sa node

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26
Q

why are the pacemaker cells known as the pace maker?

the sa node

A
  • the cells depolarize and repolarize more rapidly b/c they have a lower threshold
  • determine the rhythm of the repeating cycle
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27
Q

if the sa node is damaged, what other cells perform the function of pacemaker

A
  • av node: 60 bpm
  • bundle: 35 bpm
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28
Q

the conducting system ensure that…

A

the atria and ventricle contract as a coordinated unit and independent of the NS

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29
Q

what does the p wave represent

A

depolarization of the atria

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30
Q

what does the pr segment represent

A

depolarization of the av node and bundle of his

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31
Q

what does the qrs complex represent

A

depolarization of ventricles and repolarization of the atria

32
Q

what does the st segment represent

A

no electrical events –> ventricles are contracting

33
Q

what does the t wave represent

A

repol of the ventricles

34
Q

what does the tq interval represent

A

ventricular diastole

35
Q

what does the pr interval represent

A

one cycle of the heart

36
Q

how do you calculate heart rate from ecg?

A

counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time interval

37
Q

what is a pulse

A

one cycle of rise and fall of pressure due to contractions of the heart
- the abrupt expansion of an artery from the ejac of blood into the aorta and can be used to calculate heart rate

38
Q

what is systolic pulse pressure

A

highest pressure in one cycle

39
Q

what is diastolic pulse pressure

A

the minimum pressure experienced in the aorta when the heart is relaxing before ejecting blood into the aorta from the left ventricle

40
Q

what is the average pulse pressure

A
  • the average pressure
  • 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure
41
Q

why does the average pulse pressure have a 1/3 + 2/3 ratio?

A

because 1/3 of the cycle/beat period is ventricular systole, and 2/3 are ventricular diastole

42
Q

how do u calculate HR using pulse?

A

(1 beat period/time) x (60 sec/min)

43
Q

how does body position affect pulse and heart rate?

A

BP and HR are higher in the sitting/standing position due to gravity

44
Q

list the sequences of structures taken by air during inhalation

A

upper respiratory tract - lower respiratory tract - respiratory zone

45
Q

what is in the upper respiratory tract

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx (nasa, oro, laryngo)
  • larynx epiglottis
  • glottis
  • vocal cords
46
Q

what is in the lower respiratory tract

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchiole
  • terminal bronchiole
47
Q

what is in the respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar duct and sac
  • alveoli
48
Q

what is the function of nares

A

create turbulence and trap larger particles

49
Q

what is the function of chonchae

A

create turbulence

50
Q

what is the function of cartilage rings

A

prevents tube collapse with changes in pressure

51
Q

what is the function of mucocilary system

A

cleanse, warms and humidifies air

52
Q

what is the function of bronchioles

A

regulation of air flow

53
Q

structural changes in the respiratory zone to the conducting zone

A
  • pseudostratified columnar transitions to cuboidal to simple squamous
  • loss of cilia and goblet cells
  • loss of cartilage
  • loss of smooth muscle
54
Q

where is the ciliated columnar found in the respiratory system

A

upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

55
Q

what is the function of the ciliated columnar found in the respiratory system

A
  • cleanse, warm and humidify air
56
Q

what is the function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucous which traps particles in air

57
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

moves mucous to throat region

58
Q

where is the simple squamous epithelial found

A

alveoli and capillaries

59
Q

what is the role of simple squamous epithelial

A

thin cell for diffusion

60
Q

summarize the structure of the respiratory membrane

A

simple squamous epithelial of alveolar wall - basement membrane - simple squamous epithelial of blood vessel wall

61
Q

what are the muscles involved in normal breathing

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

62
Q

what are the muscles involved in forced inhalation

A

neck and chest muscles

63
Q

what are the muscles involved in forced exhalation

A

abdominal muscles

64
Q

what is the role of the pleura in breathing

A

attaches lungs to thoracic cavity wall

65
Q

what is the role of the elastic fibers in breathing

A

ensures the elasticity of lungs (expansion and recoil)

66
Q

explain the pressure changes and volume changes that occur in inhalation

in sequence

A
  1. muscles of respiration contract –> increasing thoracic volume
  2. results in a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
  3. forms a pressure gradient
  4. pressure outside is greater than pressure inside
  5. air flows passively down the pressure gradient
67
Q

explain the pressure and volume changes that occur in exhalation

in sequence

A
  1. respiratory muscles relax
  2. results in a decrease in thoracic volume (and intrapulmonary cavity volume)
  3. intrapulmonary pressure inc which creates a pressure gradient
  4. air flows out passively down the pressure gradient
68
Q
  • the trading of alveolar oxygen for blood, carbon dioxide, and water vapour, occurs across the alveolar membrane and is called a).
  • during alveolar gas exhange, oxygen moves from the b) into the c). carbon dioxide and water move from the c) into the d).
  • In the tissues, oxygen leaves the blood and enters the fluid which surrounds the tissue cells. this process is termed e).
  • During normal inhalation, the principle respiratory muscle that contracts is the f). during exhalation, g) of this muscle allows for movement of the air to the external environment.
A

a) respiration
b) alveolus
c) blood
d) alveolus
e) internal respiration
f) diagphragm
g) relaxtion

69
Q

describe the location of the kidney in the abdominal pelvic cavity

A

retroperitoneal

70
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A
  • form urine, which is a waste product of filtering
  • adjusting blood plasma
71
Q

what is the function of the ureter

A

passageway
- a tube which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder for storage

72
Q

what is the function of the bladder

A

temporary storage for urine

73
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

passageway from bladder out

74
Q

list in sequence the structures by which the filtrate (urine) flows in the nephron

A
  • glomerular capsule
  • proximal covuluted tubule
  • Loop of henry
  • distal convoluted tubule
75
Q

what is the path of blood through the urinary system

A
  • interlobular artery
  • afferent arteriole
  • golumerulus
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubular capillaries interlobur vine
76
Q

what does the cortex contain

A

renal corpuscules, pct and dct

77
Q

what does the medulla contain

A

loop of henle and collecting ducts

anatomy (12 decks)

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