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lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the path of the RBC through the heart

A

Body - Vena Cava - right atrium - tricuspid av valve - right ventricle - pulmonary SL valve - pulmonary trunk and arteries - lungs pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid av valve - left ventricle - aortic SL valve - aorta - body

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2
Q

t

The three heart sounds are a), b), c)

A

a) lub
b) dup
c) pause

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3
Q

what are the heart sounds caused by

A

turbulence heard when valves close, which disrupts the blood flow

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4
Q

the heart

the lub sound is due to a) and marks b)

A

a) closing of the AV valves
b) the end of ventricular diastole and the beginning of systole

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5
Q

the dup sound is due to a) and marks b)

A

a) closing of the SL valve
b) the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of diastole

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6
Q

what are the 2 functions of the atria

A
  1. receive blood returning to the heart
  2. facilitate circulation by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart during ventricular systole
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7
Q

the atrias have a) walls and b) chambers

A

a) thin walls
b) expandable chambers

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8
Q

what is the function of the ventricles

A

pump blood into the circuits

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9
Q

ventricles wall are a) with more b)

A

a) thick
b) cardia muscle

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10
Q

why is the wall of the heart of the left side thicker than the right?

A

the left ventricles requires more force because it needs to pump blood through the systemic circuit (which is longer)

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11
Q

how much longer is the systemic circuit than the pulmonary

A

5x

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12
Q

define the coronary circulation

A
  • coronary arteries carrying oxygenated blood branch off from the aorta
  • returns to the heart with deoxugenated blood at the posterior right atrium through the coronary sinus
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13
Q

which circuit is the shortest

A

coronary

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14
Q

what are anastomoses

A

alternative route in circulation that blood can take if a vessel becomes blocked

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15
Q

describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity

A
  • in the mediastinum
  • directly behind the sternum
  • off the midline
  • rotated to the left
  • tilted onti its side
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16
Q

when blood flow a), then sound b)
when blood flow c), then sound d)

A

a) inc
b) inc
c) dec
d) dec

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17
Q

during slow deep inhalation, blood flow a) and sound b)

A

a) slows
b) dec

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18
Q

during slow exhalation, flow a) and sound b)

A

a) inc
b) dec

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19
Q

Heart rate a) with deep breathing. this happens because b). Don’t forget that slow deep inhalation causes blood flow to c).

A

a) increases
b) it’s trying to compensate for less blood being delivered to the left atrium
c) slow

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20
Q

with deep expiration, heart rate a), compensating for b). don’t forget that slow exhalation causes a c) in blood flow.

A

a) dec
b) inc blood flow to Left atrium
c) inc

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21
Q

what is an ecg

A

graphic representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle

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22
Q

how can the electrical activity of the heart muscles be detected for an ecg

A

by placing electrodes on the skin

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23
Q

how can electrical activity of the cardiac muscles pass through the body

A

because the body fluids contain high concentrations of electrolyte

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24
Q

list the components (in order) of depolarization

A

sa node - av node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibers

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25
what is the pacemaker of the heart
cells of the sa node
26
why are the pacemaker cells known as the pace maker? ## Footnote the sa node
- the cells depolarize and repolarize more rapidly b/c they have a lower threshold - determine the rhythm of the repeating cycle
27
if the sa node is damaged, what other cells perform the function of pacemaker
- av node: 60 bpm - bundle: 35 bpm
28
the conducting system ensure that...
the atria and ventricle contract as a coordinated unit and independent of the NS
29
what does the p wave represent
depolarization of the atria
30
what does the pr segment represent
depolarization of the av node and bundle of his
31
what does the qrs complex represent
depolarization of ventricles and repolarization of the atria
32
what does the st segment represent
no electrical events --> ventricles are contracting
33
what does the t wave represent
repol of the ventricles
34
what does the tq interval represent
ventricular diastole
35
what does the pr interval represent
one cycle of the heart
36
how do you calculate heart rate from ecg?
counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time interval
37
what is a pulse
one cycle of rise and fall of pressure due to contractions of the heart - the abrupt expansion of an artery from the ejac of blood into the aorta and can be used to calculate heart rate
38
what is systolic pulse pressure
highest pressure in one cycle
39
what is diastolic pulse pressure
the minimum pressure experienced in the aorta when the heart is relaxing before ejecting blood into the aorta from the left ventricle
40
what is the average pulse pressure
- the average pressure - 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure
41
why does the average pulse pressure have a 1/3 + 2/3 ratio?
because 1/3 of the cycle/beat period is ventricular systole, and 2/3 are ventricular diastole
42
how do u calculate HR using pulse?
(1 beat period/time) x (60 sec/min)
43
how does body position affect pulse and heart rate?
BP and HR are higher in the sitting/standing position due to gravity
44
list the sequences of structures taken by air during inhalation
upper respiratory tract - lower respiratory tract - respiratory zone
45
what is in the upper respiratory tract
- nasal cavity - pharynx (nasa, oro, laryngo) - larynx epiglottis - glottis - vocal cords
46
what is in the lower respiratory tract
- trachea - bronchi - bronchiole - terminal bronchiole
47
what is in the respiratory zone
- respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct and sac - alveoli
48
what is the function of nares
create turbulence and trap larger particles
49
what is the function of chonchae
create turbulence
50
what is the function of cartilage rings
prevents tube collapse with changes in pressure
51
what is the function of mucocilary system
cleanse, warms and humidifies air
52
what is the function of bronchioles
regulation of air flow
53
structural changes in the respiratory zone to the conducting zone
- pseudostratified columnar transitions to cuboidal to simple squamous - loss of cilia and goblet cells - loss of cartilage - loss of smooth muscle
54
where is the ciliated columnar found in the respiratory system
upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
55
what is the function of the ciliated columnar found in the respiratory system
- cleanse, warm and humidify air
56
what is the function of goblet cells
secrete mucous which traps particles in air
57
what is the function of cilia
moves mucous to throat region
58
where is the simple squamous epithelial found
alveoli and capillaries
59
what is the role of simple squamous epithelial
thin cell for diffusion
60
summarize the structure of the respiratory membrane
simple squamous epithelial of alveolar wall - basement membrane - simple squamous epithelial of blood vessel wall
61
what are the muscles involved in normal breathing
intercostal muscles and diaphragm
62
what are the muscles involved in forced inhalation
neck and chest muscles
63
what are the muscles involved in forced exhalation
abdominal muscles
64
what is the role of the pleura in breathing
attaches lungs to thoracic cavity wall
65
what is the role of the elastic fibers in breathing
ensures the elasticity of lungs (expansion and recoil)
66
explain the pressure changes and volume changes that occur in inhalation | in sequence
1. muscles of respiration contract --> increasing thoracic volume 2. results in a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure 3. forms a pressure gradient 4. pressure outside is greater than pressure inside 5. air flows passively down the pressure gradient
67
explain the pressure and volume changes that occur in exhalation | in sequence
1. respiratory muscles relax 2. results in a decrease in thoracic volume (and intrapulmonary cavity volume) 3. intrapulmonary pressure inc which creates a pressure gradient 4. air flows out passively down the pressure gradient
68
- the trading of alveolar oxygen for blood, carbon dioxide, and water vapour, occurs across the alveolar membrane and is called a). - during alveolar gas exhange, oxygen moves from the b) into the c). carbon dioxide and water move from the c) into the d). - In the tissues, oxygen leaves the blood and enters the fluid which surrounds the tissue cells. this process is termed e). - During normal inhalation, the principle respiratory muscle that contracts is the f). during exhalation, g) of this muscle allows for movement of the air to the external environment.
a) respiration b) alveolus c) blood d) alveolus e) internal respiration f) diagphragm g) relaxtion
69
describe the location of the kidney in the abdominal pelvic cavity
retroperitoneal
70
what is the function of the kidneys
- form urine, which is a waste product of filtering - adjusting blood plasma
71
what is the function of the ureter
passageway - a tube which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder for storage
72
what is the function of the bladder
temporary storage for urine
73
what is the function of the urethra
passageway from bladder out
74
list in sequence the structures by which the filtrate (urine) flows in the nephron
- glomerular capsule - proximal covuluted tubule - Loop of henry - distal convoluted tubule
75
what is the path of blood through the urinary system
- interlobular artery - afferent arteriole - golumerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries interlobur vine
76
what does the cortex contain
renal corpuscules, pct and dct
77
what does the medulla contain
loop of henle and collecting ducts

anatomy (12 decks)

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