Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. gas exhange (supplies O2 and eliminates CO2)
  2. aids in regulation of pH and CO2
  3. produces sounds and speech + contains receptors for smell
  4. eliminates water and heat
  5. modifies substances (ie. angiotensin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 processes involves in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. internal respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A
  • breathing
  • the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air
  • exchange of air between the atmopshere and the alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do inhalation and exhalation permit?

A
  • inhalation: permits O2 to enter the lungs
  • exhalation: permits CO2 to leave lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is external respiration

A
  • aka pulmonary respiration
  • exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in capillaries across respiratory membrane
  • lungs exchange O2 and CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is internal respiration

A
  • known as tissue respiration
  • exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
  • tissue exchange between O2 and CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

the metabolic reaction that consumes O2 and gives off CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the chemical reaction of cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 34 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are the parts of the respiratory system organized

A

according to structure or function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is the respiratory organized according to structure?

A
  1. upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx)
  2. lower respiratory tract (laeynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how is the respiratory organized according to function

A
  1. conducting zone
  2. respiratory zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a brief function of the conducting zone

A

interconnecting tubes and cavities that filter, warm and moisten air while conducting it to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what structures are in the conducting zone

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a brief function/summary of the respiratory system

A

tubes and tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what structures are in the respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity

A
  • creates turbulence
  • resonating chamber for sound production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of nares

A
  • hairs
  • create turbulence
  • catch large particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of conchae

A
  • ridges
  • create turbulence
  • traps large particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of pharynx

A

passageway for food and air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of glottis

A

opening to pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of epiglottis

A
  • flap that opens and closes
  • prevents food from entering into the larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

larynx

A

voice box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the mucosial ciliary system

A

cleanses air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the mucosial ciliary system made out of

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the function of cilia and goblet cells

A

cilia: moves microbes and debris up and out of airways
goblet cells: secrets mucous that traps particles and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

besides cilia and goblet cells, how else does the mucosal ciliary system protect the respiratory system pathways from pathogens

A

in mucous:
- defensin: antibacterial compound
- lysozyme: antibacterial enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the specialized structures in the conducting zone

and describe their functions

A
  • c-shaped cartilage rings: keep passageways open
  • conchae of nasal passage: create turbulence
  • smooth muscles of bronchioles: regulate air flow
  • blood vessels: run along tubes and warms air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do the structures of the respiratory tract change from conducting zone to the respiratory zone?

A
  • tube diameter decreases
  • cartilage rings become irregular and then disappear
  • columnar cells become cuboidal and then simple squamous
  • loss of cilia + goblet cells
  • increase in smooth muscles (good for air regulation in bronchiole)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the alveoli structure

A
  • made of simple squamous
  • pores connect each individual alveolus
  • cuboidel cells secrete surfactant
  • contains elastic fibers
  • capillaries for ga exchange
  • macrophages which provide immune defenses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the function of surfactant

A
  1. lower surface tension, which prevents alveolar from collapsing at end expiration
  2. interacts and kills pathogens
  3. modulates immune responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is the respiratory membrane thin or thick and why

A

thin for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe the components of the respiratory membrane

A
  • 2 Cells thick
  • simple squamous epithelial of alveolar wall
  • simple squamous epithelial of capillary wall
  • basement membrane anchors the 2 layers together
33
Q

what compartments are involved in ventilation (breathing)

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • pleural cavity
  • intrapulmonary cavity
34
Q

what is the thoracic cavity

A

compartment containig the lungs

35
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

slit like space found between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
contains liquid

36
Q

whats the pressure like in the pleural cavity

A

always negative and becomes more negative with breathing

37
Q

what is the intrapulmonary cavity

A
  • space inside of lungs (the air filled alveoli)
  • pressure fluctuates
38
Q

what does the pleura do

A

attaches lungs to thoracic cavity

39
Q

what kind of membrane in the pleura

A

double

40
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the pleura and their functions

A
  1. parietal attaches to thoracic wall
  2. visceral attaches to the lungs
41
Q

whats the role of the interpleural cavity

A

contains fluid that adheres the 2 layers together and adheres the lungs to the thoracic wall

42
Q

what is the role of the elastic fibers

A

ensure expansion and recoil of lungs

43
Q

what is compliance?

A

the measure of elasticity of the lungs
- lower compliance = greater force needed to expland of empty lungs

44
Q

what factors affect compliance

A
  • elastic fibers
  • level of surfactant production
  • mobility of thoracic cavity
45
Q

normal inspiration requires the use of which muscles

contraction —- thoracic cavity volume

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals

increases

46
Q

normal expiration requires the use of which muscles

relaxation of muscles — thoracic cavity volume

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals

decreases

47
Q

forced inspiration requires the use of which muscles

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
  3. neck
  4. chest
  5. back
48
Q

why does forced inspiration require the use of the neck chest and back

A

to help increase the volume

49
Q

forced expiration requires the use of which muscles

A
  1. abdominal wall
  2. internal intercostals
50
Q

the pressure gradient occurs between what?

A

the inside of the lungs and the atmopshere outside

51
Q

what are the steps of inhalation

A
  1. respiratory myscles of normal breathing contract
  2. thoracic cavity volume inc which makes the intrapulmonary volume inc too
  3. the intrapulmonary pressure dec to 758 mmHg, which creates a pressure gradient
  4. air flows in, down the pressure gradient
  5. Pout (760) > Pin (758)
52
Q

what are the steps of exhalation

A
  1. respiratory muscles relax
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases which decreases the intrapulmonary volume
  3. the intrapulmonary pressure inc to 762 mmHg, which creates a pressure gradient
  4. air flows out
  5. Pin (762) > Pout (760)
53
Q

the contraction of respiratory muscles causes..?

A

an increase in thoracic cavity volume which causes an inc in intrapulmonary volume

54
Q

the contraction of intercostal muscles causes

A

the rib cage to raise

55
Q

the contraction of the diaphragm causes

A

causes the diaphragm to flatten which increases the volume of the thoracic volume

56
Q

why do changes in thoracic cavity volume cause a change in the intrapulmonary volume?

A

because the lungs are directly attached to the thoracic wall

57
Q

what are the 5 respiratory volumes

A
  1. tidal volumes
  2. inspiratory volume
  3. expiratory volume
  4. residual volume
  5. dead space
58
Q

what is tidal volume

A
  • the normal breathing volume
  • tv
59
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve

A
  • air inhaled beyond the tv
  • irv
60
Q

what is expiratory reserve

A
  • erv
  • the air evacuated after tidal volume
61
Q

what is residual volume

A
  • rv
  • the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling
62
Q

what is dead space

A

volume of ingaled air in a breath that stays in the conducting zone

63
Q

whats the difference between dead space and residual volume

A

dead space
- volume of inhaled air that stays in the conducting zone
- not part of gas exchange as the air stays in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
- 1/3 of every breath or 150 mls
- part of rv

rv
- amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling completely
- about 1.2 litres
- cant be exhaled
- participates in gas exchange –> mixes with gas exchange
- cant be removed only replaced

64
Q

what is a respiratory capacity

A

sums of volumes

65
Q

what is the inspiratory volume

A

tv + irv

66
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

rv + erv

67
Q

what is vital capacity

A
  • total exchange of air
  • tv + irv + erv
68
Q

what is the total lung capacity

A

sum of all volumes

`

69
Q

what are examples of restrictive pathologies and what do they do

A
  • fibrosis and obesity
  • cause stiff lungs which makes it difficult to inhale
  • causes a dec in total lung capacity
70
Q

what are examples of obstructive pathologies and what do they do

A
  • asthma and bronchitis
  • narrowing of passageways which make it difficutl to exhale
  • causes an increase in residiual volume
71
Q

what does pP mean

A
  • partial pressure
  • pressure exerted by the individual gas in a gaseous mixture
72
Q

describe external respiration

A
  • O2 diffuses from alveolus into blood
  • CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolus
73
Q

what factors affect external respiration

A
  • large surface area + thin respiratory membrane
  • favorable concentration gradients
  • ventilation-perfusing coupling (optimal air flow to blow)
74
Q

describe interal respiration

A
  • O2 diffuses from alveolus into blood
  • CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolus
75
Q

what factors affect internal respiration

A
  • available surface area (depends on capillary sphincters)
  • pressure gradient alters with tissues activity
  • blood flow (are arterioles constricted or dilated)
  • air flow (are bronchioles constricted or dilated)
76
Q

how is O2 transported

A
  • by hemoglobin
77
Q

how does hemoglobin transportation work

A
  • picks up O2 at lungs (loading)
  • drops off O2 at tissue (unloading)
  • O2 reversibly binds to hemoglobin
78
Q

what is saturation

A
  • the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
79
Q

what are the percentages of saturation per molecules of O2

A

anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions