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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. gas exhange (supplies O2 and eliminates CO2)
  2. aids in regulation of pH and CO2
  3. produces sounds and speech + contains receptors for smell
  4. eliminates water and heat
  5. modifies substances (ie. angiotensin)
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2
Q

what are the 3 processes involves in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. internal respiration
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3
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A
  • breathing
  • the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air
  • exchange of air between the atmopshere and the alveoli
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4
Q

what do inhalation and exhalation permit?

A
  • inhalation: permits O2 to enter the lungs
  • exhalation: permits CO2 to leave lungs
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5
Q

what is external respiration

A
  • aka pulmonary respiration
  • exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in capillaries across respiratory membrane
  • lungs exchange O2 and CO2
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6
Q

what is internal respiration

A
  • known as tissue respiration
  • exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
  • tissue exchange between O2 and CO2
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7
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

the metabolic reaction that consumes O2 and gives off CO2

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8
Q

what is the chemical reaction of cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 34 ATP

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9
Q

how are the parts of the respiratory system organized

A

according to structure or function

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10
Q

how is the respiratory organized according to structure?

A
  1. upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx)
  2. lower respiratory tract (laeynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)
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11
Q

how is the respiratory organized according to function

A
  1. conducting zone
  2. respiratory zone
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12
Q

what is a brief function of the conducting zone

A

interconnecting tubes and cavities that filter, warm and moisten air while conducting it to the lungs

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13
Q

what structures are in the conducting zone

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

what is a brief function/summary of the respiratory system

A

tubes and tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs

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15
Q

what structures are in the respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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16
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity

A
  • creates turbulence
  • resonating chamber for sound production
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17
Q

what is the function of nares

A
  • hairs
  • create turbulence
  • catch large particles
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18
Q

what is the function of conchae

A
  • ridges
  • create turbulence
  • traps large particles
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19
Q

what is the function of pharynx

A

passageway for food and air

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20
Q

what is the function of glottis

A

opening to pharynx

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21
Q

what is the function of epiglottis

A
  • flap that opens and closes
  • prevents food from entering into the larynx
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22
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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23
Q

what is the function of the mucosial ciliary system

A

cleanses air

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24
Q

what is the mucosial ciliary system made out of

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia and goblet cells

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25
what is the function of cilia and goblet cells
cilia: moves microbes and debris up and out of airways goblet cells: secrets mucous that traps particles and pathogens
26
besides cilia and goblet cells, how else does the mucosal ciliary system protect the respiratory system pathways from pathogens
in mucous: - defensin: antibacterial compound - lysozyme: antibacterial enzyme
27
what are the specialized structures in the conducting zone | and describe their functions
- c-shaped cartilage rings: keep passageways open - conchae of nasal passage: create turbulence - smooth muscles of bronchioles: regulate air flow - blood vessels: run along tubes and warms air
28
How do the structures of the respiratory tract change from conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
- tube diameter decreases - cartilage rings become irregular and then disappear - columnar cells become cuboidal and then simple squamous - loss of cilia + goblet cells - increase in smooth muscles (good for air regulation in bronchiole)
29
describe the alveoli structure
- made of simple squamous - pores connect each individual alveolus - cuboidel cells secrete surfactant - contains elastic fibers - capillaries for ga exchange - macrophages which provide immune defenses
30
what is the function of surfactant
1. lower surface tension, which prevents alveolar from collapsing at end expiration 2. interacts and kills pathogens 3. modulates immune responses
31
is the respiratory membrane thin or thick and why
thin for diffusion
32
describe the components of the respiratory membrane
- 2 Cells thick - simple squamous epithelial of alveolar wall - simple squamous epithelial of capillary wall - basement membrane anchors the 2 layers together
33
what compartments are involved in ventilation (breathing)
- thoracic cavity - pleural cavity - intrapulmonary cavity
34
what is the thoracic cavity
compartment containig the lungs
35
what is the pleural cavity
slit like space found between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura contains liquid
36
whats the pressure like in the pleural cavity
always negative and becomes more negative with breathing
37
what is the intrapulmonary cavity
- space inside of lungs (the air filled alveoli) - pressure fluctuates
38
what does the pleura do
attaches lungs to thoracic cavity
39
what kind of membrane in the pleura
double
40
what are the 2 membranes of the pleura and their functions
1. parietal attaches to thoracic wall 2. visceral attaches to the lungs
41
whats the role of the interpleural cavity
contains fluid that adheres the 2 layers together and adheres the lungs to the thoracic wall
42
what is the role of the elastic fibers
ensure expansion and recoil of lungs
43
what is compliance?
the measure of elasticity of the lungs - lower compliance = greater force needed to expland of empty lungs
44
what factors affect compliance
- elastic fibers - level of surfactant production - mobility of thoracic cavity
45
normal inspiration requires the use of which muscles | contraction ---- thoracic cavity volume
- diaphragm - external intercostals | increases
46
normal expiration requires the use of which muscles | relaxation of muscles --- thoracic cavity volume
- diaphragm - external intercostals | decreases
47
forced inspiration requires the use of which muscles
1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. neck 4. chest 5. back
48
why does forced inspiration require the use of the neck chest and back
to help increase the volume
49
forced expiration requires the use of which muscles
1. abdominal wall 2. internal intercostals
50
the pressure gradient occurs between what?
the inside of the lungs and the atmopshere outside
51
what are the steps of inhalation
1. respiratory myscles of normal breathing contract 2. thoracic cavity volume inc which makes the intrapulmonary volume inc too 3. the intrapulmonary pressure dec to 758 mmHg, which creates a pressure gradient 4. air flows in, down the pressure gradient 5. Pout (760) > Pin (758)
52
what are the steps of exhalation
1. respiratory muscles relax 2. thoracic cavity volume decreases which decreases the intrapulmonary volume 3. the intrapulmonary pressure inc to 762 mmHg, which creates a pressure gradient 4. air flows out 5. Pin (762) > Pout (760)
53
the contraction of respiratory muscles causes..?
an increase in thoracic cavity volume which causes an inc in intrapulmonary volume
54
the contraction of intercostal muscles causes
the rib cage to raise
55
the contraction of the diaphragm causes
causes the diaphragm to flatten which increases the volume of the thoracic volume
56
why do changes in thoracic cavity volume cause a change in the intrapulmonary volume?
because the lungs are directly attached to the thoracic wall
57
what are the 5 respiratory volumes
1. tidal volumes 2. inspiratory volume 3. expiratory volume 4. residual volume 5. dead space
58
what is tidal volume
- the normal breathing volume - tv
59
what is the inspiratory reserve
- air inhaled beyond the tv - irv
60
what is expiratory reserve
- erv - the air evacuated after tidal volume
61
what is residual volume
- rv - the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling
62
what is dead space
volume of ingaled air in a breath that stays in the conducting zone
63
whats the difference between dead space and residual volume
dead space - volume of inhaled air that stays in the conducting zone - not part of gas exchange as the air stays in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles - 1/3 of every breath or 150 mls - part of rv rv - amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling completely - about 1.2 litres - cant be exhaled - participates in gas exchange --> mixes with gas exchange - cant be removed only replaced
64
what is a respiratory capacity
sums of volumes
65
what is the inspiratory volume
tv + irv
66
what is the functional residual capacity
rv + erv
67
what is vital capacity
- total exchange of air - tv + irv + erv
68
what is the total lung capacity
sum of all volumes | `
69
what are examples of restrictive pathologies and what do they do
- fibrosis and obesity - cause stiff lungs which makes it difficult to inhale - causes a dec in total lung capacity
70
what are examples of obstructive pathologies and what do they do
- asthma and bronchitis - narrowing of passageways which make it difficutl to exhale - causes an increase in residiual volume
71
what does pP mean
- partial pressure - pressure exerted by the individual gas in a gaseous mixture
72
describe external respiration
- O2 diffuses from alveolus into blood - CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolus
73
what factors affect external respiration
- large surface area + thin respiratory membrane - favorable concentration gradients - ventilation-perfusing coupling (optimal air flow to blow)
74
describe interal respiration
- O2 diffuses from alveolus into blood - CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolus
75
what factors affect internal respiration
- available surface area (depends on capillary sphincters) - pressure gradient alters with tissues activity - blood flow (are arterioles constricted or dilated) - air flow (are bronchioles constricted or dilated)
76
how is O2 transported
- by hemoglobin
77
how does hemoglobin transportation work
- picks up O2 at lungs (loading) - drops off O2 at tissue (unloading) - O2 reversibly binds to hemoglobin
78
what is saturation
- the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
79
what are the percentages of saturation per molecules of O2

anatomy (12 decks)

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