Test 1: Yeast

Question 1

• Cryptococcus*
• Candida*
• Malassezia*

are all forms of

Answer 1

YEAST

Question 2

What is blastoconidia

and when is it observed?

Answer 2

Blastoconidia is observed microscopically

during asexual reproduction

and are

single celled budding structures

Question 3

Telemorphs, like Candida are found in this phylum

Answer 3

Phylum Ascomycota

Question 4

Phylum Basidiomycota

includes which types of yeast?

Answer 4

Phylum Basidiomycota

includes

**Cryptococcus **and Malassezia

Question 5

___________

is a yeast found in the *proventriculus *of birds

going light in budgerigars

and causes

fatal disease characterized by

progressive weight loss in birds

Answer 5

Megabacteria

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

Question 6

This yeast causes

ulcerative lesions affecting mucous membranes

of the

respiratory tract

meninges of the CNS

chorioretinitis of the eye

Answer 6

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 7

Cryptococcus neoformans

can affect all animals, including humans, but MOSTLY affects which species?

Answer 7

CATS

affected most by

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 8

The virulent polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans

is stained well by

Answer 8

mucicarmine

Question 9

Melanin and Mannitol

are virulence factors that

act as free radical scavengers in

what type of yeast infection?

Answer 9

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 10

Cryptococcus neoformans is variable and has

4 serotypes.

Name them and where they are found.

Answer 10

Serotype A: Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii

Serotype B and C: Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii

Serotype D: Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans

Grubii and Neoformans (A and D) in TEMPERATE

Gattii (B and C) in southern california

Question 11

What are the 3 reservoirs of

Cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 11

Cryptococcus neoformans

in

surface dust and dirt

amoebas

dried pigeon poop

Question 12

_________

acts as the selective compound

of

Cryptococcus neoformans in dried pigeon poop

Answer 12

Creatinine

Question 13

Which serotype of Cryptococcus neoformans

is associated with

eucalyptus tree?

Answer 13

Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii

Question 14

What is the usual route of transmission of

Cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 14

respiratory route

Question 15

Mxyomatous masses

are masses with high numbers of yeast and low numbers of inflammatory cells are seen in the pathogensis of

Answer 15

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 16

Infections of Cryptococcus neoformans

often localize in what part of the body?

Answer 16

CNS

Question 17

In what animal does infection by Cryptococcus neoformans (coccidiosis)

never advance past regional lymph nodes?

Answer 17

CATTLE

Question 18

CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES

are important immunologic aspects causing immune paralysis, complement depletion, and antibody masking

in

Answer 18

Cryptococcus neoformans

infection

Question 19

Defense against *Cryptococcus neoformans *

is

_________ but mostly ________

Answer 19

humoral, but MOSTLY cell-mediated

Question 20

T/F

Vaccines are available to treat cryptococcal infections

Answer 20

FALSE

NO VACCINES are available to treat infections by

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 21

Which stain is used to diagnose

*Cryptococcus neoformans *

which appears as

gram positive?

Answer 21

INDIA INK

Question 22

What is special about the culturing of

*Cryptococcus neoformans *

Answer 22

NO cyclohexamide in media

and

urease activity is present

Question 23

What is the treatment of choice for

dogs and cats

affected by

*Cryptococcus neoformans *

Answer 23

Fluconazole

^{and cleaning surfaces with LIME solution}

Question 24

M. pachydermatis is the ONLY species of the 7 species of Malassezia

that is ________

Answer 24

*M. pachydermatis *

is the only one that is

lipophilic

and DOES NOT require lipids to grow

Question 25

T/F M. pachydermatis is sensitive to heat

Answer 25

FALSE M. pachydermatis is sensitive to COLD

Question 26

What is the method of transmission of *M. pachydermatis *?

Answer 26

*M. pachydermatis * is an _opportunistic fungi_ because it is normally found on the skin of healthy animals

Question 27

West Highland White Terriers are especially susceptible to what diseases associated with ## Footnote *M. pachydermatis ?*

Answer 27

**_SEBORRHIC DERMATITIS_** **and** **epidermal dysplasia** in Westies

Question 28

What kind of yeast looks characteristically like a bottle or a **shoeprint**?

Answer 28

M. pachydermatis

Question 29

*Candida *is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ while *M. pachydermatis *is _opportunistic_

Answer 29

Candida is _PARASITIC_

Question 30

Which yeast inhabits the mucous membranes of most mammals and birds?

Answer 30

*Candida albicans*

Question 31

*​Candida albicans* mainly affects **squamous epithelium** of mucous membranes

Answer 31

really? cool!

Question 32

You see whitish pseudomembranous material covering the crop surface in a bird resembling **thrush** in humans. What is it?

Answer 32

*​Candida albicans*

Question 33

*​Candida albicans* usually affects the anterior digestive tract of birds. Where does it affect in **pigs and horses**?

Answer 33

*​Candida albicans* affects the **alimentary canal** in pigs and horses

Question 34

Genital infections by ________ can cause * abortions* * metritis* and *infertility* in HORSES

Answer 34

*​Candida albicans*

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is only really seen in **calves under intensive antibiotic care**

Answer 35

*​Candida albicans*

Question 36

*​Candida albicans* can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the digestive and genital tracts of **dogs and cats**

Answer 36

ulcerative lesions

Question 37

What are the main immunological defenses against *candidiosis*?

Answer 37

**neutrophils and macrophages**

Question 38

How do you treat and prevent *​Candida albicans* in poultry?

Answer 38

Put **copper sulfate** in their water

Question 39

How is *​Candida albicans* treated in **dogs and cats**?

Answer 39

Using **fluconazole**