Test 1 Intro to Fungal Infections Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

T/F

Fungi is prokaryotic

FALSE

Fungi is eukaryotic

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What is an example of a unicellular fungi?

Yeast is unicellular

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What types of fungi are multicellular and produce filamentous colonies?

Mold and Mushrooms

are multicellular and form filamentous colonies

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Most fungi like a pH of around ______

and a

temperature of around _______

Most fungi like acidic pH around 5.0

and a temperature of 25C

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Most fungi is strictly aerobic

EXCEPT for

____________

which is aerobic AND anaerobic

**Yeast **is aerobic and anaerobic

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What is the only type of fungi that is fermentative?

Yeast!

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What is the main element of the growing form of molds?

Hyphae

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Hyphae can be divided by cross walls called __________

Hyphae can be divided by cross walls called septa

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A mold with *darkly pigmented hyphae *is called _________

Dark pigment hyphae = Dematiaceous

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A mold with *non-pigmented hyphae *is called ___________

Non-pigmented hyphae = Hyaline

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Molds can reproduce sexually and asexually.

___________ is used to produce sexually

while

____________ is used to produce asexually

**Fruiting Bodies/ Spores **= SEXUAL

**Conidiophores/Sporangiophores **= Asexual

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Aerial hyphae form stalk-like structures when grown on media called __________

Conidiophores/Sporangiophores

for

asexual reproduction

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Aerial hyphae form stalk-like structures on media that give rise to

asexual spores called _________

Conidia

asexual spores formed by Conidiophores/Sporangiophores

of Aerial Hyphae

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T/F

Asexual spores, termed Conidia, are *less resistent *to

physical and chemical agents than

Hyphae

FALSE

**Conidia (asexual spores) **are MORE resistent to chemical and physical agents than Hyphae

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What is a Dimorphic Fungi?

A fungi that can change from its

mycelial form into *yeast *

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A dimorphic fungi is in its mycelial form at room temperature, but changes into yeast at what temperature?

37C or when in animal tissues

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Blastomyces dermatitides

Coccidiodes immitis

Histoplasma capsulatum

and

Paracoccidiodes basilensis

are all examples of what?

Dimorphic Fungi

^Include:

^{Blastomyces dermatitides}

^{Histoplasma capsulatum}

^{Coccidiodes immitis}

^{Paracoccidiodes basilensis}

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Fungi most often reproduces in what way?

Asexually

is most common reproduction method of fungi

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What are 3 mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction of Fungi?

Sporulation, Fragmentation, and Budding

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Sporulation followed by germination of spores is a fungal method of asexual reproduction utilized by which two fungi?

*Aspergillus *and Penicillium

used Sporulation to reproduce asexually

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Coccidiodes immitis is a fungi that utilizes what mechanism of asexual reproduction?

*Coccidiodes immitis *asexually reproduces by

Fragmentation of hyphae

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Candida and Cryptococcus are forms of yeast that use what method of asexual reproduction?

*Candida *and *Cryptococcus *

reproduce asexually by

Budding of yeast cells

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Fungal cells are _______ than most bacteria.

LARGER

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T/F

Fungi are eukaryotic and have chloroplast

FALSE

Fungi are eukaryotic but do not have chloroplast

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Fungal capsules are made of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Fungal capsules are made of _polysaccharides_

What subcellular structure of fungi aids in adherance and clumping, and can be antigenic and antiphagocytic?

Capsule!

What subcellular structure of fungi determines *shape *and *morphogenesis* and composed of *microfibrils*?

The Cell Wall!

What are *microfibrils*?

Thatchwork of polysaccharides cross-linked with proteins and glycoproteins that make up the Cell Wall of Fungi

GPI-anchored protein Chitin B-(1,3) glucan B (1,6) glucan and mannoproteins Are found in what?

The Cell Wall of Fungi! ^{Composed of Chitin, B- (1,3) and (1,6) glucan, and mannoproteins}

What kind of protein is commonly found *on the surface of the cell wall in fungi* and acts as an **antigen**?

Polysaccharides

Mammals have cholesterol in their cell membranes. What do fungi have in their cytoplasmic membranes?

**Ergosterol **and **Zymosterol**

**Polyene Antibiotics**, like *Amphotericin B*, target \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ instead of the mammalian cell equivalent in order to rid the host of fungal disease.

**Polyene Antibiotics ** target fungal **Sterol**

Fungal infections *rarely* cause disease in healthy animals. What is the exception?

**Dermatophytes** can cause disease in healthy animals

What are 10 circumstances that can give rise to **Systemic Fungal Infections**?

1. Prolonged administration of *antibiotics* 2. Radiation 3. Steroid therapy 4. Urethane 5. Mustard Gas 6. Folic acid *antagonists* 7. Cancer 8. Immunosuppressive therapy or Immunodeficiency 9. Cytotoxic Drugs 10. Endocrine Disorders

What is the **most pathogenic Fungi**?

**Fungi Imperfecti** is the most pathogenic

What is the one fungi that can cause *epidemics*?

**Dermatophytes**

What are 8 factors that predispose an animal to ## Footnote **Fungal Invasion of Tissues**

1. Immunosuppression 2. Prolonged *antibiotic therapy* 3. Immunological defects 4. Being young, aging, and malnutrion 5. Exposure to a heavy load of fungal spores 6. Traumatized tissue 7. Persistent *moisture* on skin surface 8. Neoplastic conditions can all cause **fungal invasion of tissues**

Immunity to fungal infections is mainly \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_

Cell-Mediated

Cell-mediated immunity to fungi involves the constant production of *antibodies* which protect from all forms of fungi EXCEPT for

**Dermatophytes** are not affected by cell-mediated immunity antibodies

Most fungal infections produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lesions that resemble *mycobacteriosis* and other facultative bacterial diseases

**Granulomatous Lesions** resemble *mycobacteriosis*

In a fungal infection of the skin, most animals' immune systems do what?

Initiate *hypersensitivity skin reactions* in response to fungal infection

Skin tests are available for which 4 fungal infections?

Infections by: * Blastomycosis* * Histoplasmosis* * Coccidiomycosis* * Sporotrichosis*

What does a vet office need in order to presumptively diagnose fungal infections?

Microscope with *oil immersion lens* **10% KOH **(potassium hydroxide) in glycerol India Ink Hematologic Stain (*Diff Quick*) Glass slides and cover slips Atlas of Medical Mycology

The collection of **Hair, Skin, and Nails** is useful for the diagnosis of which fungi?

*Dermatophytosis *and *Onchyomycosis* ^{can be diagnosed with} ^{Hair, Skin, and Nail specimens}

When you are collecting a **biopsy** for diagnosis what container is used and what are the two things you must collect?

Use a **sterile tube with saline or water** and you must collect **Normal AND affected tissue**

A **urine specimen **is especially useful in the diagnosis of what fungi?

Collect urine to diagnose ## Footnote *Histoplasmosis*

If you suspect *Cryptococcus *infection, what bodily fluid should you collect and examine?

Collect **CSF** to diagnose *Cryptococcus*

A **CSF **specimen can be used to diagnose *Cryptococcus*. By using **India Ink preparations** what can be observed in the cerebrospinal fluid?

Encapsulated yeasts

What do *flakes *and *granules *indicate when found in Pleural or Abdominal Fluid specimens?

Flakes and granules are **colonies of organisms**

Transtracheal or Bronchial Washings are useful in diagnosing what pathogen?

Use transtracheal and bronchial washings to diagnose ## Footnote **Systemic mycoses**

**Nasal flushings **are used to diagnose what kind of fungus or fungus related disease?

*Nasal aspergillosis* and *Guttural pouch mycosis*

The collection of this bodily fluid is collected via syringe and directly inoculated onto plated fungal media in order to diagnose Ocular ***blastomycosis***

**Ocular Fluid**

Most fungi is grown on *Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar* at what temperature?

**20 - 25C**

Fungi in the yeast phase is grown at **37C** on what media?

**Blood Agar**

*Sordarins *and *Azasordarins* are antifungal agents used at what site of action?

Sordarins and Azosordarins are used to **inhibit protein synthesis**

What antifungal agent is used as a Cell Wall Inhibitor of *glucan synthesis*?

**Echinocandins**

What antifungal agent is used as a Cell Wall Inhibitor of *chitin synthesis*?

**Nikkomycin**

These 2 antifungal agents are used as **Cell MEMBRANE** inhibitors of *Ergosterol synthesis*

*Azoles* and *Allylamines*

**Polyenes **are antifungal agents that cause direct _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_

Polyenes cause ## Footnote **direct membrane damage**

**Griseofulvin **is an antifungal agent that *disrupts microtubules* and inhibits what process?

Griseofulvin inhibits **fungal mitosis**

Which antifungal agent is used to inhibit **nucleic acid synthesis**?

**Flucytosine** inhibits nucleic acid synthesis