test 1 vocab Flashcards
Define Phonetics
“speech sounds” Scientific study and transcription of speech sounds/phonemes of spoken language (acoustic, physiological, experimental & clinical)
physiological phonetics
Learning how to make particular sounds
Acoustic phonetics:
Study of the frequency and intensity of sound heard, while investigating how different alterations of speech signal affect the listener’s ability to understand what was said.
clinical phonetics
transcription, working with people
phone
Speech sound. Not meaningful/any sound made out of a the human vocal tract (mechanism)
Phoneme
occurs when a phone is used to differentiate meaning in words (distinguishes words from each other). Part of group/family of similar speech sounds (allophones) that are PERCEIVED within a language as the SAME speech sound; phonemes vary from language to language (43 in english) ex: one
allophone/allophonic variation
One of the sound variants within a phoneme (family), does NOT CHANGE THE MEANING. different pronunciation of a given sound based on the surrounding context. ex: butter, better, button
morpheme
smallest meaningful UNIT in a language. carries semantic interpretation ( often more than 1 phonemes) ex: ed, es
developmental phonology
how children are learning to talk/normal acquisition
clinical phonology
has to do with disorders
metaphonology
reflecting on and understanding of words. (very important for language acquisition). rhymes of words in a sentence.
Orthograhy
writing (grqphemes & diagraphs). the** spelling** and writing system of a language and its study
graphemes:
written letters, spellings and rules
diagraphs
2 letters combined making a phoneme
Word
may contain more than one morpheme.
Transliteration:
selecting alphabet letters to represent speech sounds
Digraph
2 graphemes/alphabet letters yielding in 1 phoneme.
Diacritic markings
specialized markings/symbols that indicate modification variations in production/ pronunciation i.e. dictionary
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
One symbol for EACH different speech sound in all the world’s languages
Transcription
2 types:
- phonemic/broad -virgules / /
- phonetic/narrow-brackets []
phonotactic (rule)
specifyng where sounds can occur (in words or syllables in a language) and how sounds can be combined in that language i.e. ng cannot start a word in english/ no stl word initial in English
phonological
sound system(semantics) and a rules (syntax/grammar) of a language
syllable
smallest unit in speech production; requires vowel, dipthong; or syllabic consonant. (open/closed syllables)
homophones
words that sound the same but have different meaning. ex mail, male
consonant
sounds produced by partly/completely obstructed vocal tract (24 in english)
vowel
sounds produced by an unobstructed vocal tract (14 vowesl in english)
dipthong
one phoneme consisting of 2 vowels produced consecutively in the** same syllable** by moving the articulators smoothly from the position of one to the other (3 true diptongs & 2 alternate diphtongs)
grapheme
written or printed letter (26 in english) alphabet letters
cognate
pair of words that differ by voicing ex: p b; s z
morpho phonological rules
rules for how to pronunce past tense morpheme ex: ed or plurals Ex:s, z
phonological rule
formal way of showing a sound change ( substitution rule that captures the devoicing of word final) ex. s to z
consonant singleton
consonant surrounded by vowels/diphtongs/or silence
consonant clusters
ex:cc, ccc–> 2 or more contiguous/juxtaposed consonants in the same syllable
When reading clusters, each letter within the cluster is pronounced individually
consonant sequences
2 or more contiguous consonants, including those that cross syllable boundaries (can include consonant cluster)
Glides
ex: j, w . prevocalic/must precede a vowel. Consonant characterized by the rapid movement of the articulators from a high front or high back tongue arch to the vowel that follows.
However we CANNOT END a syllable or word with a glide
Affricates
/tʃ/ /dʒ/ consonant that begin as a** stop** and release as a** fricative ⇒2** components, one phoneme
Minimal Pairs/contrast:
Words that differ by one phoneme ex: bit & hit; bit & bite
