exam 3 =phonological deviation

Question 1

Fronting

Answer 1

[posterior–>anterior]
gum –> [dʌm] (i.e., “key” becomes “tey”).
velars /k,g,ŋ/ are replaced by more anterior consonants
/k/ replaced by /t/
/g/ replaced by /d/
/ŋ/ replaced by /n/

Question 2

Backing

Answer 2

[anterior–>posterior] tea-> [ki]
front sounds is substituted for a sound produced further back-daddy –> “gaggy”
anterior consonants are replaced by velars /k,g,ŋ/
/t/ replaced by /k/
/d/ replaced by /g/
/n/ replaced by /ŋ/

Question 3

Stopping

Answer 3

leaf->[dip]
process in which stops are substituted by by fricatives (continuant resonant)
(manner of artic. change) the replacement of fricatives or affricates with a stop sound, “deep” for “jeep”
substitution of a “t, d, p, b, k” or “g” for “s, z, sh, f, v” or “th” (i.e., “zipper” becomes “dipper”).

Question 4

Gliding

Answer 4

replacing a liquid /l/ /ɹ/ sound or any other consonants with a glide /w/ or /j/]
rock-> [wɑk]
“love” –>”wove” “run.–>wun”
process that affects liquids

Question 5

vowelization

Answer 5

when a vowel is substituted by a vocalic liquid (affecting postvocalic liquids)
liquids /l/ or /ɹ/ are replaced by vowels
zipper-> [zɪpʊ]
hair –>”Hay-uh”
people –> “peopo”

Question 6

vowel neutralization

Answer 6

syllabic liquid used instead of a vowel
simple --> simpo 
able --> abuh 
paper --> papo
table --> tabo
yellow -> [jʌlʌ]

Question 7

deaffrication

Answer 7

changing “ch” or “j” for another sound
chin –> “sin”
t͡ʃ –>ʃ

Question 8

depalatalization

Answer 8

substituting an alveolar fricative s,z, for a palatal fricative sh and j (measure)
 cheek --> teek , 
matches -->matsiz, 
judge -->judz, 
jane -->dane 
shoe --> sue

Question 9

How many Assimilations processes?

Answer 9

(6)
labial
nasal
velar
alveolar
palatal
liquid

Question 10

labial assimilation

[regressive & progressive]

Answer 10

(Place of Artic)changing of a non labial sound to a labial (b,p,m,w) due to another labial sound in a word.
pen –> peb
smoke –> /fmoʊk/
regressive:later phoneme affects an earlier phoneme
ex: spoon–>[fpum]
progressive : earlier phoneme affects later phoneme

Question 11

nasal assimilation

Answer 11

(Manner of Artic)
non-nasal sound is produced as a nasal sound due to the presence of a nasal phoneme within the same word,
“candy –>”nanny”
thumb–>[nʌm]

Question 12

velar assimilation

Answer 12

(Place of Artic) a velar is substituted for a non-velar consonant because of a nearby velar sound
“dog” –> “gog”
duck–>[gʌk]

Question 13

alveolar assimilation

Answer 13

(Place of Artic)changing a non alveolar sound to an alveolar (t,d,n,l,s,z). 
 soup --> suit 
door --> dod 
toss --> tot 
cat-->[tæt]

Question 14

liquid assimilation

Answer 14

liquid + liquid / non-liquid + liquid

yellow–>[lɛlo]

Question 15

palatal assimilation

Answer 15

juice–>[dʒuʃ]

Question 16

major substitutions

Answer 16

stopping
fronting
backing
gliding
liquid vowelization
vowel neutralization
affrication/deaffrication
palatalization/depalatalization
glottal replacement

Question 17

syllable structure (context related) 7

Answer 17

Metathesis 
Migration 
Coalescence 
Reduplication 
Epenthesis 
Diminutive 
Cluster Creation

Question 18

Metathesis

Answer 18

Metathesis occurs when two consonants within a syllable are placed in a different order. There is a reordering of the sequence of consonants (C) and vowels (V) within a syllable
mask–>[mæks]

Question 19

Migration

Answer 19

When a consonant is moved to a different position in a word

smoke–>[moʊks]

Question 20

Coalescence

Answer 20

replacement of 2 consonants by one new consonants that features the original 2

last–> “lath”
smoke–>[foʊk]
would you –> /wʊdʒu/
miss you –> / miʃu/

Question 21

reduplication

Answer 21

Repetition of a complete (or incomplete) syllable
water -->/wæwæ/ 
bottle -->/bæbæ/
basket-->[bæbæ]
 incomplete ex: music box -->/mumubɑ/

Question 22

Epenthesis

Answer 22

A vowel is misplaced or inserted in a word, usually the schwa
ex: black –> “balæk”

Question 23

Diminutive

Answer 23

sheep–>[Sipi]

horse –> horsie

Question 24

cluster creation

Answer 24

1

Question 25

How many Voicing Alterations are there?

Answer 25

(3)
Vocalic Voicing
Prevocalic Devoicing
Postvocalic Devoicing

Question 26

Singleton Consonant Omission

Answer 26

truck–> “tuck”
school –>”sool”
When a consonant is omitted

Question 27

Consonant cluster reduction

Answer 27

Cluster reduction occurs when one or more consonants in a cluster is omitted.

Question 28

Glottal replacement

Answer 28

Ex: gun–> ?un
boat-> [boʊ?]
a glottal stop is substituted for any phoneme
If seen repeatedly, possibly indicates improperly working Velum or history of cleft palate

Question 29

What is an assimilation process?

Answer 29

one sound changes to become more like another sound

Can impact Place of Artic., Manner of Artic. and Voicing

Question 30

What is a substitution process?

Answer 30

when one class of sounds is replaced for another class of sounds

Question 31

affrication

Answer 31

affricate is substituted for a fricative or a consonant cluster, or when a stop is added before a continuant sound
sheet –> cheat / ʃ –> t͡ʃ/

Question 32

palatalization

Answer 32

a nonpalatal consonant is replaced by a palatal consonant

see –>she

Question 33

Prevocalic voicing

Answer 33

when a voiceless prevocalic is replaced by a voiced consonant
cup–> [gʌp]
fish –> /vɪʃ/ or /bɪʃ/

Question 34

Prevocalic devoicing

Answer 34

when a prevocalic voiced consonant is replaced by a voiceless consonant
ex: gum–> [kʌm] or / tʌm/ (also fronting)

Question 35

Post vocalic devoicing

Answer 35

postvocalic voiced consonant is replaced by a voiceless consonant
ex: page–> [peɪtʃ]