Test 1 Review Flashcards
according to the lifespan perspective, __ is supreme in its impact on the life course.
no single age period
max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that
development is plastic at all ages
G. Stanley Hall and his, Arnold Gesell,
launched the normative approach.
In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson
pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation
according to ____ theory, children learn primarily through modeling
social learning
according to jean piaget’s cognitive - development theory,
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
the information-processing approach views the mind as a
symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
evolutionary developmental psychology
seeks to understand the adaptive value of species wide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as those competencies change with age
lev Vygotsky’s theory focuses on
how culture is transmitted to the next generation
ecological systems theory views the person as
developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
according to ecological systems theory, interaction between marina and her child occur in the
microsystem
bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem consists of
cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
in a longitudinal study, __ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural influences
cohort
a gamete
contains 23 chromosomes
when sperm and ovum unite at conception, a ___ results.
zygote
of matching pairs of chromosomes, 22 of 23 are called _____ and one pair consists of ____ chromosomes.
autosomes; sex
dizygotic twins
are no more alike than ordinary siblings
eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because
the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those carried on the X chromosome
the risk of bearing a child with down syndrome rises dramatically with
maternal age
the communication process of ___ can help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.
genetic counseling
except for ___ , prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because these methods have some chance of injuring the developing organism
maternal blood analysis
Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of ___ for their children, whereas lower-SES parents tend to emphasize ___
psychological traits; external characteristics
most homeless families consist of
women with children under age 5
for both affluent and low-SES youths, what simple routine is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties?
eating dinner with parents
in collectivist societies, people
define themselves as part of a group
the placenta
delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism
at the beginning of the embryonic period, the ___ system develops fastest.
nervous
viability occurs between ___ weeks.
22-26
which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome is true?
it is distinguished by slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and brain injury.
taking a ____ supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.
folic acid
when the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is
Rh factor incompatibility
ursula is in the second stage of labor. She can expect ___ during this stage.
her baby is born
During the third stage of labor,
the placenta is delivered
which of the following statements about the infant’s production of stress hormones during childbirth is true ?
stress hormones prepare the baby to breathe effectively by causing the lungs to absorb any remaining fluid and by expanding the bronchial tubes.
andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means andrew
needs assistance in establishing breathing the other vital signs
___ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.
birth weight
tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she
was born below her expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy
___ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well.
touch
vision
is the least developed of a newborn baby’s senses
T. Berry Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale evaluates
the newborn’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to stimulation.
which of the following statements is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?
during childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet
the specialization of two hemispheres of the brain is known as
lateralization
which of the following statements about brain plasticity is true?
many areas of highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions
breast feeding for just few weeks
offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections
at first, baby mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario’s sleep is not bothered by the dog’s barks. This is an example of
habituation
a baby who first habituates to a visual pattern and then recovers to a new one appears to
perceive the second pattern as new and different from the first pattern
____ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.
mirror neurons
at first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they
narrow their focus, limiting distinctions to their language they hear and will soon learn
which of the following statements about speech stream patterns is true?
When presented with controlled sequences of nonsense syllables, babies listen for statistical regularities.
which of the following pictures is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?
a black and white checkerboard with a few large squares
according to piaget, specific psychological structures called ___ are organized ways of making sense of experience.
schemes
____ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
adaptation
two-year-old laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll into the box, throwing some objects gently, while using more force with others. Laura’s modification of her dropping scheme is an example of
accommodation
In piaget’s theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium,
cognitive change is rapid
baby hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which of the following statements is true?
hannah must coordinate two schemes to retrieve the object: “pushing” aside the blanket and “grasping”the stuffed sheep.
Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby luigi has begun to master
object permanence
in substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to ____ and ___.
engage in deferred imitation: use make-believe play
research suggests that infants
have basic numeric knowledge
in the information-processing system, information first enters
the sensory register
___ controls attention, supresses impulses, coordinates information in working memory, and flexibly directs and monitors thought and behavior.
executive function
Recall is more challenging than recognition because it
involves remembering something that is not present
according to Vygotsky, ___ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.
the zone of proximal development
two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen’s skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of
scaffolding
nativist Noam Chomsky believed that
the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to ro discovered by even cognitively sophisticated young child
Chomsky’s “LAD” is a(n)
innate system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.
