ch 7 Flashcards
dominant cerebral hemisphere
the greater capacity of one side of the brain, i.e. handedness
cerebellum
structure that aids in balance and control of body movement
reticular formation
structure in base of brain stem that maintains consciousness and alertness
corpus callosum
large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres
pituitary gland
located at base of brain playing critical role by releasing two growth stimulating hormones , GH and TSH
growth hormone
necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and genitals, from pituitary gland
thyroid stimulating hormone
prompts the thyroid clans in the neck to release thyroxine - necessary for brain development and works with GH to have its full impact on body size
preoperational stage
spans the years 2-7, the most obvious cane is an extraordinary increase in representational or symbolic activity
sociodramatic dramatic play
the make believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood
dual representation
viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
egocentrism
failure to distinguish others symbolic viewpoints from one’s own
conservation
refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, eve when their outward appearance changes
centration
they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting the other important features
irreversibility
an inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point
hierarchical classification
the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
private speech
self directed speech, based on vygotsky, viewed as self guidance, starts as external when young then becomes internal
scaffolding
adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance
guided participation
a broader concept than scaffolding, refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants without specifying the precise features of communication
memory strategies
deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering
episodic memory
memory for everyday experiences
scripts
general description of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
metacognition
thinking about thought
emergent literacy
children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
phonological awareness
ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language
ordinality
order relationships between quantities
cardinality
that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
child-centered programs
teachers provide a variety of activities from which children elect and much learning takes place through play
academic programs
teachers structure children’s learning and academic skills through formal lessons often using repetition and drill
project head start
federal program from 1965 providing children with a year or two or preschool along with nutritional and health services, parent involvement in critical
fast-mapping
process that connects new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter
overregularization
over extending the rules to words that are exceptions a type of error
pragmatics
children must learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication, - the practical and social side of language
recasts
restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form
expansions
elaborating on children’s speech increasing its complexity
