Ch 4

Question 1

cephalocaudal trend

Answer 1

lower part of body grows later than head

Question 2

proximodistal

Answer 2

extremities grow later than head, chest, trunk

Question 3

neuron

Answer 3

specialized cell that receives processes and or transmits information

Question 4

soma

Answer 4

cells body with nucleus

Question 5

glial cells

Answer 5

provide nourishment, insulate, help repair damage, support neural functioning and hold neurons in place, mylenate

Question 6

dendrites

Answer 6

branched fiber that extends outward from the cell body that carries information into the neuron

Question 7

axon

Answer 7

extended fiber that conducts information from the some to the terminal buttons

Question 8

myelin sheath

Answer 8

protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around axon

Question 9

synaptic pruning

Answer 9

neurons seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses allowing unneeded neurons to be used in future

Question 10

mylenation

Answer 10

coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer

Question 11

terminal buttons

Answer 11

found at end of axon when ap reaches terminal and releases neurotransmitter into synapse

Question 12

neurotransmitter

Answer 12

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiver neuron

Question 13

Acetylcholine

Answer 13

involved in memory capabilities, low = althzimers

Question 14

glutamate

Answer 14

memory

Question 15

serotonin

Answer 15

sleep eating mood pain

Question 16

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

Answer 16

primary inhibitory transmitter, moderated behaviors ranging fro eating to aggression

Question 17

dopamine

Answer 17

movement attention, learning, low = parkinsons

Question 18

endorphins

Answer 18

family of chemicals produced similar to painkillers

Question 19

prefrontal cortex

Answer 19

responsible for thought, consciousness, inhibition of impulses, info integration, memory use, reasoning, planning and problem solving strategies

Question 20

left hemisphere

Answer 20

verbal abilities, positive emotion, sequential, analytic

Question 21

right hemisphere

Answer 21

spatial abilities, neg emotion, holistic integrative processing

Question 22

brain plasticity

Answer 22

more when young, one area damaged others compensate, cerebral cortex is most thats why it learns so well

Question 23

breastfeeding

Answer 23

correct balance of fat and protein, ensure nutritional completeness, helps ensure healthy growth, immune boost, good for jaw and tooth development, ensures digestibility, smooth transition to solid food

Question 24

malnutrition marasmus

Answer 24

diet low in all essential nutrients, lasting physical damage learning and behavioral effects, risks death

Question 25

kwashiorkor

Answer 25

diet low in protein lasting physical damage, learning and behavioral effects

Question 26

food insecurity

Answer 26

hurts physical growth and learning problems

Question 27

infant conditioning

Answer 27

strongest with survival feeding skills, better with regular behavior patterns, continuity and stability led to healthy relationship

Question 28

habituation

Answer 28

gradual reduction in strength of response due to repetitive stimulation, infants are attracted to novel stimulation, with age familiarity preference

Question 29

experience-expectant brain growth

Answer 29

young brains rapidly developing organization, depends on ordinary experiences and opportunities to explore environment, interact with ppl hear language etc

Question 30

experience-dependant brain growth

Answer 30

occur throughout our lives, consisting of additional growth and refinement of established structures due to learning experiences that vary widely across individual and cultures

Question 31

mirror neurons

Answer 31

specialized cells in motor areas of cerebral cortex in primates allowing imitation and fire identically when carrying out action and seeing it

Question 32

perceptual narrowing effect

Answer 32

perceptual sensitivity that becomes increasingly attuned with age to information most often encountered

Question 33

visual cliff

Answer 33

reveals link between crawling and depth perception, mom calls to kid, if they have depth perception then they don’t crawl over edge

Question 34

imitation

Answer 34

infants born with ability, mirror neurons explain, powerful way of learning,helps facilitate positive relationship

Question 35

hearing development

Answer 35

4-7 months sense of musical phrasing
6-7 months distinguishes musical tunes based on variation in rhythmic patterns
6-8 months screens out sounds not used in native language
6-12 detects sounds regularities in human speech
7-9 months begins to divide speech into word-ish

Question 36

visual development

Answer 36

rapid eye maturation and visual brain centers

prefer / recognize patterns and human faces, brightness

2 mts - focus
4mts - color vision
6 mts - acuity, scanning, tracking
7mts - depth perception

Question 37

depth perception milestone

Answer 37

3-4 wks sensitive to motor cues
2-3 mts sensitivity to binocular depth cues
5-7 mts sensitivy to pictoral depth cues

Question 38

intermodal perception

Answer 38

integrating many sensory inputs to learn

birth perceives amodal sensory properties
3-4 mts matches faces and voices
4-6 mts perceives, remembers stranger face-voice pairing

Question 39

differentiation theory

Answer 39

infants actively search for unchanging features of the environment

Question 40

statistical learning capacity

Answer 40

perceptual narrowing with heard sounds, find patterns and memorize patterns before they know meanings

Question 41

pattern perception

Answer 41

contrast sensitivity difference in amy of light btwen adjacent regions in pattern, sensitive to the contrast, want more

Question 42

dynamic systems theory of motor development

Answer 42

mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action when motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling environment