Ch 4 Flashcards
cephalocaudal trend
lower part of body grows later than head
proximodistal
extremities grow later than head, chest, trunk
neuron
specialized cell that receives processes and or transmits information
soma
cells body with nucleus
glial cells
provide nourishment, insulate, help repair damage, support neural functioning and hold neurons in place, mylenate
dendrites
branched fiber that extends outward from the cell body that carries information into the neuron
axon
extended fiber that conducts information from the some to the terminal buttons
myelin sheath
protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around axon
synaptic pruning
neurons seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses allowing unneeded neurons to be used in future
mylenation
coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer
terminal buttons
found at end of axon when ap reaches terminal and releases neurotransmitter into synapse
neurotransmitter
chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiver neuron
Acetylcholine
involved in memory capabilities, low = althzimers
glutamate
memory
serotonin
sleep eating mood pain
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
primary inhibitory transmitter, moderated behaviors ranging fro eating to aggression
dopamine
movement attention, learning, low = parkinsons
endorphins
family of chemicals produced similar to painkillers
prefrontal cortex
responsible for thought, consciousness, inhibition of impulses, info integration, memory use, reasoning, planning and problem solving strategies
left hemisphere
verbal abilities, positive emotion, sequential, analytic
right hemisphere
spatial abilities, neg emotion, holistic integrative processing
brain plasticity
more when young, one area damaged others compensate, cerebral cortex is most thats why it learns so well
breastfeeding
correct balance of fat and protein, ensure nutritional completeness, helps ensure healthy growth, immune boost, good for jaw and tooth development, ensures digestibility, smooth transition to solid food
malnutrition marasmus
diet low in all essential nutrients, lasting physical damage learning and behavioral effects, risks death
kwashiorkor
diet low in protein lasting physical damage, learning and behavioral effects
food insecurity
hurts physical growth and learning problems
infant conditioning
strongest with survival feeding skills, better with regular behavior patterns, continuity and stability led to healthy relationship
habituation
gradual reduction in strength of response due to repetitive stimulation, infants are attracted to novel stimulation, with age familiarity preference
experience-expectant brain growth
young brains rapidly developing organization, depends on ordinary experiences and opportunities to explore environment, interact with ppl hear language etc
experience-dependant brain growth
occur throughout our lives, consisting of additional growth and refinement of established structures due to learning experiences that vary widely across individual and cultures
mirror neurons
specialized cells in motor areas of cerebral cortex in primates allowing imitation and fire identically when carrying out action and seeing it
perceptual narrowing effect
perceptual sensitivity that becomes increasingly attuned with age to information most often encountered
visual cliff
reveals link between crawling and depth perception, mom calls to kid, if they have depth perception then they don’t crawl over edge
imitation
infants born with ability, mirror neurons explain, powerful way of learning,helps facilitate positive relationship
hearing development
4-7 months sense of musical phrasing
6-7 months distinguishes musical tunes based on variation in rhythmic patterns
6-8 months screens out sounds not used in native language
6-12 detects sounds regularities in human speech
7-9 months begins to divide speech into word-ish
visual development
rapid eye maturation and visual brain centers
prefer / recognize patterns and human faces, brightness
2 mts - focus
4mts - color vision
6 mts - acuity, scanning, tracking
7mts - depth perception
depth perception milestone
3-4 wks sensitive to motor cues
2-3 mts sensitivity to binocular depth cues
5-7 mts sensitivy to pictoral depth cues
intermodal perception
integrating many sensory inputs to learn
birth perceives amodal sensory properties
3-4 mts matches faces and voices
4-6 mts perceives, remembers stranger face-voice pairing
differentiation theory
infants actively search for unchanging features of the environment
statistical learning capacity
perceptual narrowing with heard sounds, find patterns and memorize patterns before they know meanings
pattern perception
contrast sensitivity difference in amy of light btwen adjacent regions in pattern, sensitive to the contrast, want more
dynamic systems theory of motor development
mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action when motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling environment
