ch 2 Flashcards
phenotypes
directly observable traits
genotypes
the genetic information that determines our species and influences, 98-99 same as chimps, 99.1 humans are Identical
genetic code
chromosomes made up of chemical substance, DNA
gene
segment of dan along length of the chromosome
gametes
sex cells, sperm and ovum, genetic variability, meiosis
chromosomes
rodlike structure within the cells that store and transmit genetic information
zygote
formed when sperm and ovum unite
autosomes
22 matching pairs of chromosomes
sex chromosomes
23rd pair of chromosomes
fraternal
dizygotic, two ova fertilized
identical
monozygotic, single zygote splits
alleles
two forms of same gene, located at same place on both chromosomes in a pair, one from each parent, homo and heterozygous
dominant-recessive
only the dominant allele affects children’s phenotype
recessive allele
responsible for many serious diseases
incomplete dominance
both alleles expressed, combined or intermediate traits possible
sickle cell anemia
african descent, RBCs distorted and can’t pass through vessels, Incomplete dominance
PKU
body’s failure to breakdown amino acid, accumulates in body and affects nervous system, tested at birth- special diet
tay-sachs disease
eastern european descent, gene fails to produce fatty breakdown enzyme in nervous system
X-linked inheritance
color blindness, fragile x, hemophilia, if affected X meets Y always going to be a problem
ovum
one produced by each meiosis, female born with all ovaries
sperm
4 produced by each meiosis, continually produced lifelong
X
large, has more genetic material, retain biological superiority
Y
smaller, speedier, greater infection risk, more fragile at conception to environmental elements and heredity disease and defect
down syndrome
extra 21st chromosome, facial features, small hands, large tongue, mental retardations, heart defects, leukemia risk, risk increases with moms age (1/40, 45+) autosome abnormality
klinefelter syndrome
male has XXY , small testicles, less body hair, language impairment, possible sterility (XYY larger size)
turner syndrome
XO lack second chromosome, short stature, poorly developed secondary sex ch. , sterility
genetic counseling
assess chances of heredity disorders, choose best course of action in view of risks and family goals for when couple has had difficulties bearing children or genetic problems exist, woman over 35
prenatal DX methods
medical procedures that permit detection of development problems before birth
amniocentesis
most widely used technique, hollow needle through ab wall. small miscarriage risk, 14 wks in, 1-2 wks for results
chorionic villus sampling
procedure can be used early in pregnancy, thing tube through vagina into uterus
fetoscopy
small camera to inspect defects, blood sample for hemophilia, sickle cell, neural issues to be drawn, 15-18 wks
ultrasound
used to guide amnio, fetoscopy, CVS. can be can be combined with MRI. can asses age of fetus, used over 5 times can give low birth weight
maternal blood analysis
by second month of pregnancy can isolate blood cells from moms blood
ultrafast MRI
no adverse effects, fast to counteract fetal movements
preimplantation genetic DX
after in vitro fertilization before implanted uses 1 out of 10 cells
bidirectional influences
behaviors of family members affect the behaviors of others
microsystem
immediate, close relationships
macrosystem
broad social climate of society
coparenting
mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors
internalizing difficulties
feeling worried and fearful
externalizing difficulties
being angry and aggressive
socioeconomic status
index combining years of education, prestige and degree of skills needed for ones job and income
subculture
group of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of larger group. cooperative family structures help protect members from harmful effects of poverty
extended family households
3 or more generations, more common in minorities, reduce poverty stress, creates strong family bonds, transmit culture, provide assistance to generations
collectivist society
people define themselves as part of group and value group goals over individual ones
individualistic society
people think of selves as separate entities and are concerned with personal needs
public policies
laws and governments programs designed to improve current conditions
behavioral genetics
field trying to define contributions of nature and nurture in human traits and abilities
gene-environment interactions
because of genetic makeup individuals differ in responsiveness to qualities of the environment. people have unique genetically influenced runs to particular environments
heritability estimate
measures extent to which individual diff in complex traits in specific populations is due to genetics
kinship studies
compare traits of family members
niche-picking
tendency to choose environments that complement our heredity
gene environment correlation
genes influence environments to which we were exposed
epigenesis
development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and environment
Development due to FAMILY +
teaches language, morals, social skills. source of info and assistance. good comm = cooperation. grandparents help
Development due to FAMILY -
isolation from family causes developmental issues. harsh comm = resistance. neg third party relationships - internal or external difficulties
Development due to LOW SES
marry and have children earlier, more children, external Ch obedience, cleanliness, politeness emphasized. Commands and physical punishment. feel powerlessness in relationships beyond home
Development due to HIGH SES
emphasize psych traits happiness, curiosity, self direction, social maturity. more warm comm and verbal praise. preschoolers have more interaction with
affluence
high levels of anxiety and depression. risk of EtOH and drug use. excessive achievement demands lack of attention from parents
poverty
46 mil, 15%, parents under 25/single mom, older single women. children suffer from developmental delays, chronic emotional stress, 30% don’t go to school
cultural values and practices
shape daily life within and outside family
Development due to Rural environment
little culture, teens do more household work, involved in social organizations, work with adults
Development due to Urban environment
teens take care of selves, fast pace of life, cultural opportunities, work w/o direct mentoring
