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life span development > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phenotypes

A

directly observable traits

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2
Q

genotypes

A

the genetic information that determines our species and influences, 98-99 same as chimps, 99.1 humans are Identical

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3
Q

genetic code

A

chromosomes made up of chemical substance, DNA

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4
Q

gene

A

segment of dan along length of the chromosome

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5
Q

gametes

A

sex cells, sperm and ovum, genetic variability, meiosis

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

rodlike structure within the cells that store and transmit genetic information

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7
Q

zygote

A

formed when sperm and ovum unite

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8
Q

autosomes

A

22 matching pairs of chromosomes

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9
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

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10
Q

fraternal

A

dizygotic, two ova fertilized

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11
Q

identical

A

monozygotic, single zygote splits

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12
Q

alleles

A

two forms of same gene, located at same place on both chromosomes in a pair, one from each parent, homo and heterozygous

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13
Q

dominant-recessive

A

only the dominant allele affects children’s phenotype

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14
Q

recessive allele

A

responsible for many serious diseases

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15
Q

incomplete dominance

A

both alleles expressed, combined or intermediate traits possible

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16
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

african descent, RBCs distorted and can’t pass through vessels, Incomplete dominance

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17
Q

PKU

A

body’s failure to breakdown amino acid, accumulates in body and affects nervous system, tested at birth- special diet

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18
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

eastern european descent, gene fails to produce fatty breakdown enzyme in nervous system

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19
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

color blindness, fragile x, hemophilia, if affected X meets Y always going to be a problem

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20
Q

ovum

A

one produced by each meiosis, female born with all ovaries

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21
Q

sperm

A

4 produced by each meiosis, continually produced lifelong

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22
Q

X

A

large, has more genetic material, retain biological superiority

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23
Q

Y

A

smaller, speedier, greater infection risk, more fragile at conception to environmental elements and heredity disease and defect

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24
Q

down syndrome

A

extra 21st chromosome, facial features, small hands, large tongue, mental retardations, heart defects, leukemia risk, risk increases with moms age (1/40, 45+) autosome abnormality

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25
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

male has XXY , small testicles, less body hair, language impairment, possible sterility (XYY larger size)

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26
Q

turner syndrome

A

XO lack second chromosome, short stature, poorly developed secondary sex ch. , sterility

27
Q

genetic counseling

A

assess chances of heredity disorders, choose best course of action in view of risks and family goals for when couple has had difficulties bearing children or genetic problems exist, woman over 35

28
Q

prenatal DX methods

A

medical procedures that permit detection of development problems before birth

29
Q

amniocentesis

A

most widely used technique, hollow needle through ab wall. small miscarriage risk, 14 wks in, 1-2 wks for results

30
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

procedure can be used early in pregnancy, thing tube through vagina into uterus

31
Q

fetoscopy

A

small camera to inspect defects, blood sample for hemophilia, sickle cell, neural issues to be drawn, 15-18 wks

32
Q

ultrasound

A

used to guide amnio, fetoscopy, CVS. can be can be combined with MRI. can asses age of fetus, used over 5 times can give low birth weight

33
Q

maternal blood analysis

A

by second month of pregnancy can isolate blood cells from moms blood

34
Q

ultrafast MRI

A

no adverse effects, fast to counteract fetal movements

35
Q

preimplantation genetic DX

A

after in vitro fertilization before implanted uses 1 out of 10 cells

36
Q

bidirectional influences

A

behaviors of family members affect the behaviors of others

37
Q

microsystem

A

immediate, close relationships

38
Q

macrosystem

A

broad social climate of society

39
Q

coparenting

A

mutually supporting each others parenting behaviors

40
Q

internalizing difficulties

A

feeling worried and fearful

41
Q

externalizing difficulties

A

being angry and aggressive

42
Q

socioeconomic status

A

index combining years of education, prestige and degree of skills needed for ones job and income

43
Q

subculture

A

group of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of larger group. cooperative family structures help protect members from harmful effects of poverty

44
Q

extended family households

A

3 or more generations, more common in minorities, reduce poverty stress, creates strong family bonds, transmit culture, provide assistance to generations

45
Q

collectivist society

A

people define themselves as part of group and value group goals over individual ones

46
Q

individualistic society

A

people think of selves as separate entities and are concerned with personal needs

47
Q

public policies

A

laws and governments programs designed to improve current conditions

48
Q

behavioral genetics

A

field trying to define contributions of nature and nurture in human traits and abilities

49
Q

gene-environment interactions

A

because of genetic makeup individuals differ in responsiveness to qualities of the environment. people have unique genetically influenced runs to particular environments

50
Q

heritability estimate

A

measures extent to which individual diff in complex traits in specific populations is due to genetics

51
Q

kinship studies

A

compare traits of family members

52
Q

niche-picking

A

tendency to choose environments that complement our heredity

53
Q

gene environment correlation

A

genes influence environments to which we were exposed

54
Q

epigenesis

A

development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and environment

55
Q

Development due to FAMILY +

A

teaches language, morals, social skills. source of info and assistance. good comm = cooperation. grandparents help

56
Q

Development due to FAMILY -

A

isolation from family causes developmental issues. harsh comm = resistance. neg third party relationships - internal or external difficulties

57
Q

Development due to LOW SES

A

marry and have children earlier, more children, external Ch obedience, cleanliness, politeness emphasized. Commands and physical punishment. feel powerlessness in relationships beyond home

58
Q

Development due to HIGH SES

A

emphasize psych traits happiness, curiosity, self direction, social maturity. more warm comm and verbal praise. preschoolers have more interaction with

59
Q

affluence

A

high levels of anxiety and depression. risk of EtOH and drug use. excessive achievement demands lack of attention from parents

60
Q

poverty

A

46 mil, 15%, parents under 25/single mom, older single women. children suffer from developmental delays, chronic emotional stress, 30% don’t go to school

61
Q

cultural values and practices

A

shape daily life within and outside family

62
Q

Development due to Rural environment

A

little culture, teens do more household work, involved in social organizations, work with adults

63
Q

Development due to Urban environment

A

teens take care of selves, fast pace of life, cultural opportunities, work w/o direct mentoring

life span development (12 decks)

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