ch 8 Flashcards
initiative v guilt
psychological conflict of preschool year, children have new sense of purposefulness, eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with pets and discover what they can do with adult help, make strides in conscience development
self concept
set of attributes abilities attitudes an values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
self esteem
judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
prosocial or altruistic behavior
empathy , actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
sympathy
feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight
non social activity
unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play
parallel play
a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior
associative play
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior
cooperative play
more advance type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal such as acting out a make believe theme
induction
type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
time out
punishment involving removing children from immediate setting until ready to act appropriately
moral imperatives
protect peoples rights and welfare - preschoolers can distinguish
social conventions
customs determined solely by consensus such as table manners and politeness rituals
matter of personal choice
friends, hair style, leisure activities - do not violate right and are up to the individual
proactive/instrumental agression
children act to fulfill a need or desire - obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward such as adult or peer attention - and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal
reactive or hostile agression
angry defense response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person
physical aggression
harms others through physical injury - punishing, hitting etc or destroying property
verbal aggression
harms others through threats of physical aggression, name calling or hostile teasing
relational aggression
damages anthers peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation
gender typing
refers to any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes
gender identity
an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics
androgyny
scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics
gender constancy
full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing etc activities change
gender schema theory
an information processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive development features. it explains how environmental presses and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender role development
child-rearing styles
combination of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child rearing climate
authoritative child-rearing style
most successful, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques and appropriate autonomy granting
authoritarian -child rearing style
low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting
psychological control
behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children’s verbal expression, individuality and attachments to parents
permissive child-rearing style
warm and accepting but uninvolved , parents are either overindulgent or inattentive and thus engage in little control instead of gradually granting autonomy they allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so
uninvolved child-rearing style
combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy
