ch 8

Question 1

initiative v guilt

Answer 1

psychological conflict of preschool year, children have new sense of purposefulness, eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with pets and discover what they can do with adult help, make strides in conscience development

Question 2

self concept

Answer 2

set of attributes abilities attitudes an values that an individual believes defines who he or she is

Question 3

self esteem

Answer 3

judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements

Question 4

prosocial or altruistic behavior

Answer 4

empathy , actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self

Question 5

sympathy

Answer 5

feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight

Question 6

non social activity

Answer 6

unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play

Question 7

parallel play

Answer 7

a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior

Question 8

associative play

Answer 8

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior

Question 9

cooperative play

Answer 9

more advance type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal such as acting out a make believe theme

Question 10

induction

Answer 10

type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others

Question 11

time out

Answer 11

punishment involving removing children from immediate setting until ready to act appropriately

Question 12

moral imperatives

Answer 12

protect peoples rights and welfare - preschoolers can distinguish

Question 13

social conventions

Answer 13

customs determined solely by consensus such as table manners and politeness rituals

Question 14

matter of personal choice

Answer 14

friends, hair style, leisure activities - do not violate right and are up to the individual

Question 15

proactive/instrumental agression

Answer 15

children act to fulfill a need or desire - obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward such as adult or peer attention - and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal

Question 16

reactive or hostile agression

Answer 16

angry defense response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person

Question 17

physical aggression

Answer 17

harms others through physical injury - punishing, hitting etc or destroying property

Question 18

verbal aggression

Answer 18

harms others through threats of physical aggression, name calling or hostile teasing

Question 19

relational aggression

Answer 19

damages anthers peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation

Question 20

gender typing

Answer 20

refers to any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

Question 21

gender identity

Answer 21

an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Question 22

androgyny

Answer 22

scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics

Question 23

gender constancy

Answer 23

full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing etc activities change

Question 24

gender schema theory

Answer 24

an information processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive development features. it explains how environmental presses and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender role development

Question 25

child-rearing styles

Answer 25

combination of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child rearing climate

Question 26

authoritative child-rearing style

Answer 26

most successful, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques and appropriate autonomy granting

Question 27

authoritarian -child rearing style

Answer 27

low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting

Question 28

psychological control

Answer 28

behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children’s verbal expression, individuality and attachments to parents

Question 29

permissive child-rearing style

Answer 29

warm and accepting but uninvolved , parents are either overindulgent or inattentive and thus engage in little control instead of gradually granting autonomy they allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so

Question 30

uninvolved child-rearing style

Answer 30

combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy