Test 1 Content Flashcards
Who said that the Earth was gradually shaped by processes still observed today?
Lyell
Who said the Genera and Species are all natural?
Linnaeous
Who said the species can change over time, creating new species?
Lamarck
Who said that processes change by “descent with modification”?
Darwin
Who discovered the same as Darwin, and presented with him?
Wallace
What is “descent with modification”? Individuals compete for ________ ________
Limited Resources
Variation (how organisms change over time) can be related to ________ or it can be ________
Fitness, heritable
Peter and Rosemary ________ studied finches and found that they had bigger beaks during ________ and smaller during ________.
Grant, droughts, rain
In Artificial Selection, when humans favor one phenotype in an organism, this is called ________ selection, which results in evolution.
directional
Fossils rarely form because the remains are ________ or ________.
Consumed, decomposed
How are fossils created? First the organism is ________. Second, Calcium in bone or other hard tissue ________. Third, the surrounding ________ hardens to form rock.
buried, mineralizes, sediment
Fossil record is good because it can tell us which organisms and phenotypes existed at a given ________ and ________.
time, place
Fossil record is limited because it is only one point in time. It is incomplete, and there is a ________ and ________ bias.
Spatial, preservation
Fossils tell us both ________ and ________ information about species.
Direct, indirect
Fossils can be dated through ________ dating, where rock isotopes are used to date fossils. The absolute age is determined using the ________-________.
radiometric, half-life
After 1 half-life, ________ % remains (________:________ P:D ratio). After 2 half-lifes, ________% remains. After 3, ________% remains.
50, 50:50, 25, 12,5
________ forms of fossils show how major transitions occured
Intermediate
________ structures came from the same ancestor but have different appearances and functions
Homologous
________ structures exist in an organism but have no function
Vestigial
________ is the study of geographical distributions of species
Biogeography
________ evolution: Two different species are similar because of similar selective pressures in a similar environment
Convergent
________ evolution: Two closely related populations change over time, leading to ________
Divergent, speciation
________ Species Concept: All organisms in a species look alike. Problem is that this isn’t always true, and two species can look the same.
Morphological
________ Species Concept. A species contains organisms that can reproduce (not reproductively isolated)
Biological
In reproductive isolation, ________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, while ________ isolating mechanisms prevent proper functioning zygotes.
Prezygotic, postzygotic
Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where different species occupy their own habitats, so they rarely encounter each other
Ecological
Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where species differ in mating rituals
Behavioral
Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ Isolation is where species reproduce at different times of the day/year
Temporal
Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is when there are structural differences between species preventing mating.
Mechanical
Prezygotic isolating mechanism: Prevention of ________ formation. The ________ of 2 species function poorly together
gamete, gametes
Postzygotic isolating mechanism: ________ inviability or infertility is where ________ embryos don’t develop, ________ adults don’t survive in nature, or ________ adults are sterile. (only input one word)
hybrid
________ species concept: Morphological and genetic sequence data is used to reconstruct an organism’s evolutionary tree. A species is defined as a cluster of populations that share a recent evolutionary history as shown by the tree.
Phylogenetic
________ speciation: Speciation at a single locality (rare)
Sympatric
Sympatric speciation is common as a result of ________, where individuals have more than 2 sets of chromosomes.
Polyploidy
________ is a form of polyploidy where all the chromosomes come from one species.
Autoploidy
________ is a form of polyploidy where the extra sets of chromosomes come from two species.
Allopolyploidy
________ speciation is where geographically separated populations evolve differences, leading to speciation.
Allopatric
In sympatric speciation, ________ selection is where two extremes are favored in a population, leading to two populations becoming reproductively isolated
disruptive
________ ________ is where there is a RAPID increase in the number of species from a common ancestor.
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiation usually occurs in an environment with few other ________ and plenty of ________, or after a large ________ of other species.
species, resources, extinction
A ________ ________ is when new traits evolve in a species, potentially allowing it to use previously inaccessible resources.
key innovation
________ ________ is when similar species develop different traits to reduce competition for resources and mates in the same environment
Character displacement
________ occurs when a species slowly changes over time.
Gradualism
________ equilibrium is when a species evolves through long periods of ________ followed by rapid change
Punctuated, stasis
There have been __ mass extinctions. The ________ extinction wiped out dinosaurs __ million years ago. This led to the rapid diversification of ________
5, K-T, 66, mammals
Hierarchal Classification: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________
Domain, Kindom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speciec
Ancestral characteristics (________): Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group
Plesiomorphy
Derived characteristics (________): Similarity that arose recently, only shared by a subset of the species.
Apomorphy
In cladistics, only ________ ________ characteristics (traits shared by multiple species from one shared ancestor) also called ________ are used
shared derived, synapomorphies
A ________ is any aspect of a phenotype
character
2 character states: Either a character is possessed “__” or not possessed “__”.
1, 0
A trait inherited by two or more species from a common ancestor is called a ________ character.
homologous
________ are phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in different species (same concept as ________ evolution)
Homoplasies, convergent
________ differences often mean genetic differences. They are used to compare living species with fossils of extinct species.
Morphological
In a cladistical analysis, we ________ characters (ancestral or derived?). An ________ comparison allows us to compare to closely related species that isn’t part of the group under study. Any character state exhibited by the outgroup is an ________ state.
Polarize, outgroup, ancestral
A ________ is an evolutionary unit including a a common ancestor and all descendants.
clade
________ are derived characters shared by clade members.
synapomorphies
________morphies are ancestral states, while ________morphies are shared ancestral states.
Plesio, symplesio
When a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor, rather independently (convergent evolution), it is called a ________
homoplasy
In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.
Monophyletic
In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all descendants
Paraphyletic
In systematics, the ________ group doesn’t include a most recent common ancestor.
Polyphyletic
In taxonomy, the ________ (what’s in and what’s out) of higher taxon (above species) is not arbitrary - it must be ________
circumscription, monophyletic
In taxonomy, the ________ of higher taxa are arbitrary (i.e. a clade can be a family, subfamily, genus, etc.)
ranks
________: The basis for all comparative biology.
Phylogenetics
________ structures: Derived from the same ancestor
Homologous
________ structures: Not derived from the same ancestor
Homoplastic
Non-________ DNA mutations are often not eliminated by natural selection. Because of this, differences in DNA sequences can serve as a ________ ________ to tell us the time when 2 species diverged.
coding, molecular clock
__DNA can be used as a molecular clock for the last few million years, and __DNA can be used for hundreds of millions of years back.
mt, cp
In history, there are 4 ________ which are split into ________ which are further split into ________
Eons, eras, periods
There is no ________ evidence from the first 500-700 million years of earth
rock
Over time, ________ levels shifted, affecting temperature.
CO2
________ decreased CO2 levels on earth, lowering temperatures.
Weathering
Over time continents move, and supercontinents have been formed: ________ and ________ (which formed from ________)
Rodinia, pangea, gondwana
Life emerged in the ________ eon
archean
The ________ eon occurred 2.5 BYA and was characterized by the formation of ________, which split before the ________ eon.
Proterozoic, rodinia, phanerozoic
The first eon was the ________ eon
hadean
The ________-________ experiment reproduced the early atmosphere. The conclusion was that key molecules could have formed on early earth
Miller-Uray
________ are mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits up the 2.7 billion years old.
Stromatolites
Climate (temperature and water availability) and ________ have had dramatic changes over time, which has led to ________ ________.
atmosphere, mass extinctions
Earth when climate dramatically changes, and temperatures drop significantly is called “________ ________”.
Snowball earth
Colonization of land by plants ~475 mya led to abrupt ________. The same happened when ________ plants diversified around 400 mya.
glaciation, vascular
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts entered early ________ cells through a process called ________
Eukaryotic, endosymbiosis
Multicellularity allows organisms to deal with environments in novel ways through ________
differentiation
Gene expression varies among cells to allow for ________
specialization
Sexual reproduction allows for greater ________ diversity. This is because of meiosis and crossing over.
genetic
The first Eukaryotes were probably ________, and ________ arose from a fusion of those cells.
haploid, diploids
The ________ Explosion was a rapid diversification of life (primarily ________) that occurred around ________ MYA.
Cambrian, aquatic, 500
After the Cambrian Explosion, ________ colonized land first, then ________.
plants, animals
________ evolved to protect organisms on land
photosynthesis
The ________ mass extinction occurred at the end of the Permian era, and led to the extinction of ___% of marine species and ___% of terrestrial vertebrates
Permian, 80, 70
“The Age of Dinosaurs”, aka the ________ era. This era ended with the ________ mass extinction
Mesozoic, K-T
The first mammals appeared during the ________ period, the first birds in the ________, and the rise of flowering plants in the ________.
Triassic, Jurassic, Crataceous
The rise of mammals, grassland, and the origin of humans all occurred during the ________ era, which we live in today.
Cenozoic
________ distribution: When species live in suitable habitats throughout a geographical area
Continuous
________ distribution: When closely related species live in very different locations
Disjunct distribution
Disjunct distribution can occur in two ways: ________ where organisms move away from their place of origin; or ________ where there is physical separation of a geographical location.
Dispersal, vicariance
Pangea split into ________ and ________, which further split into the continents we see today.
Laurasia, Gondwana
