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BIO 214 > Test 1 Content > Flashcards

Test 1 Content Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who said that the Earth was gradually shaped by processes still observed today?

A

Lyell

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2
Q

Who said the Genera and Species are all natural?

A

Linnaeous

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3
Q

Who said the species can change over time, creating new species?

A

Lamarck

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4
Q

Who said that processes change by “descent with modification”?

A

Darwin

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5
Q

Who discovered the same as Darwin, and presented with him?

A

Wallace

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6
Q

What is “descent with modification”? Individuals compete for ________ ________

A

Limited Resources

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7
Q

Variation (how organisms change over time) can be related to ________ or it can be ________

A

Fitness, heritable

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8
Q

Peter and Rosemary ________ studied finches and found that they had bigger beaks during ________ and smaller during ________.

A

Grant, droughts, rain

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9
Q

In Artificial Selection, when humans favor one phenotype in an organism, this is called ________ selection, which results in evolution.

A

directional

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10
Q

Fossils rarely form because the remains are ________ or ________.

A

Consumed, decomposed

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11
Q

How are fossils created? First the organism is ________. Second, Calcium in bone or other hard tissue ________. Third, the surrounding ________ hardens to form rock.

A

buried, mineralizes, sediment

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12
Q

Fossil record is good because it can tell us which organisms and phenotypes existed at a given ________ and ________.

A

time, place

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13
Q

Fossil record is limited because it is only one point in time. It is incomplete, and there is a ________ and ________ bias.

A

Spatial, preservation

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14
Q

Fossils tell us both ________ and ________ information about species.

A

Direct, indirect

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15
Q

Fossils can be dated through ________ dating, where rock isotopes are used to date fossils. The absolute age is determined using the ________-________.

A

radiometric, half-life

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16
Q

After 1 half-life, ________ % remains (________:________ P:D ratio). After 2 half-lifes, ________% remains. After 3, ________% remains.

A

50, 50:50, 25, 12,5

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17
Q

________ forms of fossils show how major transitions occured

A

Intermediate

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18
Q

________ structures came from the same ancestor but have different appearances and functions

A

Homologous

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19
Q

________ structures exist in an organism but have no function

A

Vestigial

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20
Q

________ is the study of geographical distributions of species

A

Biogeography

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21
Q

________ evolution: Two different species are similar because of similar selective pressures in a similar environment

A

Convergent

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22
Q

________ evolution: Two closely related populations change over time, leading to ________

A

Divergent, speciation

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23
Q

________ Species Concept: All organisms in a species look alike. Problem is that this isn’t always true, and two species can look the same.

A

Morphological

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24
Q

________ Species Concept. A species contains organisms that can reproduce (not reproductively isolated)

A

Biological

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25
Q

In reproductive isolation, ________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, while ________ isolating mechanisms prevent proper functioning zygotes.

A

Prezygotic, postzygotic

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26
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where different species occupy their own habitats, so they rarely encounter each other

A

Ecological

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27
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where species differ in mating rituals

A

Behavioral

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28
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ Isolation is where species reproduce at different times of the day/year

A

Temporal

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29
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is when there are structural differences between species preventing mating.

A

Mechanical

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30
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: Prevention of ________ formation. The ________ of 2 species function poorly together

A

gamete, gametes

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31
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanism: ________ inviability or infertility is where ________ embryos don’t develop, ________ adults don’t survive in nature, or ________ adults are sterile. (only input one word)

A

hybrid

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32
Q

________ species concept: Morphological and genetic sequence data is used to reconstruct an organism’s evolutionary tree. A species is defined as a cluster of populations that share a recent evolutionary history as shown by the tree.

A

Phylogenetic

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33
Q

________ speciation: Speciation at a single locality (rare)

A

Sympatric

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34
Q

Sympatric speciation is common as a result of ________, where individuals have more than 2 sets of chromosomes.

A

Polyploidy

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35
Q

________ is a form of polyploidy where all the chromosomes come from one species.

A

Autoploidy

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36
Q

________ is a form of polyploidy where the extra sets of chromosomes come from two species.

A

Allopolyploidy

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37
Q

________ speciation is where geographically separated populations evolve differences, leading to speciation.

A

Allopatric

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38
Q

In sympatric speciation, ________ selection is where two extremes are favored in a population, leading to two populations becoming reproductively isolated

A

disruptive

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39
Q

________ ________ is where there is a RAPID increase in the number of species from a common ancestor.

A

Adaptive Radiation

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40
Q

Adaptive radiation usually occurs in an environment with few other ________ and plenty of ________, or after a large ________ of other species.

A

species, resources, extinction

41
Q

A ________ ________ is when new traits evolve in a species, potentially allowing it to use previously inaccessible resources.

A

key innovation

42
Q

________ ________ is when similar species develop different traits to reduce competition for resources and mates in the same environment

A

Character displacement

43
Q

________ occurs when a species slowly changes over time.

A

Gradualism

44
Q

________ equilibrium is when a species evolves through long periods of ________ followed by rapid change

A

Punctuated, stasis

45
Q

There have been __ mass extinctions. The ________ extinction wiped out dinosaurs __ million years ago. This led to the rapid diversification of ________

A

5, K-T, 66, mammals

46
Q

Hierarchal Classification: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________

A

Domain, Kindom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speciec

47
Q

Ancestral characteristics (________): Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

A

Plesiomorphy

48
Q

Derived characteristics (________): Similarity that arose recently, only shared by a subset of the species.

A

Apomorphy

49
Q

In cladistics, only ________ ________ characteristics (traits shared by multiple species from one shared ancestor) also called ________ are used

A

shared derived, synapomorphies

50
Q

A ________ is any aspect of a phenotype

A

character

51
Q

2 character states: Either a character is possessed “__” or not possessed “__”.

A

1, 0

52
Q

A trait inherited by two or more species from a common ancestor is called a ________ character.

A

homologous

53
Q

________ are phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in different species (same concept as ________ evolution)

A

Homoplasies, convergent

54
Q

________ differences often mean genetic differences. They are used to compare living species with fossils of extinct species.

A

Morphological

55
Q

In a cladistical analysis, we ________ characters (ancestral or derived?). An ________ comparison allows us to compare to closely related species that isn’t part of the group under study. Any character state exhibited by the outgroup is an ________ state.

A

Polarize, outgroup, ancestral

56
Q

A ________ is an evolutionary unit including a a common ancestor and all descendants.

A

clade

57
Q

________ are derived characters shared by clade members.

A

synapomorphies

58
Q

________morphies are ancestral states, while ________morphies are shared ancestral states.

A

Plesio, symplesio

59
Q

When a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor, rather independently (convergent evolution), it is called a ________

A

homoplasy

60
Q

In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

A

Monophyletic

61
Q

In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all descendants

A

Paraphyletic

62
Q

In systematics, the ________ group doesn’t include a most recent common ancestor.

A

Polyphyletic

63
Q

In taxonomy, the ________ (what’s in and what’s out) of higher taxon (above species) is not arbitrary - it must be ________

A

circumscription, monophyletic

64
Q

In taxonomy, the ________ of higher taxa are arbitrary (i.e. a clade can be a family, subfamily, genus, etc.)

A

ranks

65
Q

________: The basis for all comparative biology.

A

Phylogenetics

66
Q

________ structures: Derived from the same ancestor

A

Homologous

67
Q

________ structures: Not derived from the same ancestor

A

Homoplastic

68
Q

Non-________ DNA mutations are often not eliminated by natural selection. Because of this, differences in DNA sequences can serve as a ________ ________ to tell us the time when 2 species diverged.

A

coding, molecular clock

69
Q

__DNA can be used as a molecular clock for the last few million years, and __DNA can be used for hundreds of millions of years back.

A

mt, cp

70
Q

In history, there are 4 ________ which are split into ________ which are further split into ________

A

Eons, eras, periods

71
Q

There is no ________ evidence from the first 500-700 million years of earth

A

rock

72
Q

Over time, ________ levels shifted, affecting temperature.

A

CO2

73
Q

________ decreased CO2 levels on earth, lowering temperatures.

A

Weathering

74
Q

Over time continents move, and supercontinents have been formed: ________ and ________ (which formed from ________)

A

Rodinia, pangea, gondwana

75
Q

Life emerged in the ________ eon

A

archean

76
Q

The ________ eon occurred 2.5 BYA and was characterized by the formation of ________, which split before the ________ eon.

A

Proterozoic, rodinia, phanerozoic

77
Q

The first eon was the ________ eon

A

hadean

78
Q

The ________-________ experiment reproduced the early atmosphere. The conclusion was that key molecules could have formed on early earth

A

Miller-Uray

79
Q

________ are mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits up the 2.7 billion years old.

A

Stromatolites

80
Q

Climate (temperature and water availability) and ________ have had dramatic changes over time, which has led to ________ ________.

A

atmosphere, mass extinctions

81
Q

Earth when climate dramatically changes, and temperatures drop significantly is called “________ ________”.

A

Snowball earth

82
Q

Colonization of land by plants ~475 mya led to abrupt ________. The same happened when ________ plants diversified around 400 mya.

A

glaciation, vascular

83
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts entered early ________ cells through a process called ________

A

Eukaryotic, endosymbiosis

84
Q

Multicellularity allows organisms to deal with environments in novel ways through ________

A

differentiation

85
Q

Gene expression varies among cells to allow for ________

A

specialization

86
Q

Sexual reproduction allows for greater ________ diversity. This is because of meiosis and crossing over.

A

genetic

87
Q

The first Eukaryotes were probably ________, and ________ arose from a fusion of those cells.

A

haploid, diploids

88
Q

The ________ Explosion was a rapid diversification of life (primarily ________) that occurred around ________ MYA.

A

Cambrian, aquatic, 500

89
Q

After the Cambrian Explosion, ________ colonized land first, then ________.

A

plants, animals

90
Q

________ evolved to protect organisms on land

A

photosynthesis

91
Q

The ________ mass extinction occurred at the end of the Permian era, and led to the extinction of ___% of marine species and ___% of terrestrial vertebrates

A

Permian, 80, 70

92
Q

“The Age of Dinosaurs”, aka the ________ era. This era ended with the ________ mass extinction

A

Mesozoic, K-T

93
Q

The first mammals appeared during the ________ period, the first birds in the ________, and the rise of flowering plants in the ________.

A

Triassic, Jurassic, Crataceous

94
Q

The rise of mammals, grassland, and the origin of humans all occurred during the ________ era, which we live in today.

A

Cenozoic

95
Q

________ distribution: When species live in suitable habitats throughout a geographical area

A

Continuous

96
Q

________ distribution: When closely related species live in very different locations

A

Disjunct distribution

97
Q

Disjunct distribution can occur in two ways: ________ where organisms move away from their place of origin; or ________ where there is physical separation of a geographical location.

A

Dispersal, vicariance

98
Q

Pangea split into ________ and ________, which further split into the continents we see today.

A

Laurasia, Gondwana

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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