Test 1 Content Flashcards by Liam Bohan

Who said that the Earth was gradually shaped by processes still observed today?

Lyell

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Who said the Genera and Species are all natural?

Linnaeous

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Who said the species can change over time, creating new species?

Lamarck

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Who said that processes change by “descent with modification”?

Darwin

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Who discovered the same as Darwin, and presented with him?

Wallace

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What is “descent with modification”? Individuals compete for ________ ________

Limited Resources

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Variation (how organisms change over time) can be related to ________ or it can be ________

Fitness, heritable

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Peter and Rosemary ________ studied finches and found that they had bigger beaks during ________ and smaller during ________.

Grant, droughts, rain

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In Artificial Selection, when humans favor one phenotype in an organism, this is called ________ selection, which results in evolution.

directional

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Fossils rarely form because the remains are ________ or ________.

Consumed, decomposed

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How are fossils created? First the organism is ________. Second, Calcium in bone or other hard tissue ________. Third, the surrounding ________ hardens to form rock.

buried, mineralizes, sediment

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Fossil record is good because it can tell us which organisms and phenotypes existed at a given ________ and ________.

time, place

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Fossil record is limited because it is only one point in time. It is incomplete, and there is a ________ and ________ bias.

Spatial, preservation

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Fossils tell us both ________ and ________ information about species.

Direct, indirect

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Fossils can be dated through ________ dating, where rock isotopes are used to date fossils. The absolute age is determined using the ________-________.

radiometric, half-life

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After 1 half-life, ________ % remains (________:________ P:D ratio). After 2 half-lifes, ________% remains. After 3, ________% remains.

50, 50:50, 25, 12,5

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________ forms of fossils show how major transitions occured

Intermediate

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________ structures came from the same ancestor but have different appearances and functions

Homologous

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________ structures exist in an organism but have no function

Vestigial

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________ is the study of geographical distributions of species

Biogeography

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________ evolution: Two different species are similar because of similar selective pressures in a similar environment

Convergent

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________ evolution: Two closely related populations change over time, leading to ________

Divergent, speciation

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________ Species Concept: All organisms in a species look alike. Problem is that this isn’t always true, and two species can look the same.

Morphological

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________ Species Concept. A species contains organisms that can reproduce (not reproductively isolated)

Biological

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In reproductive isolation, ________ isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote, while ________ isolating mechanisms prevent proper functioning zygotes.

Prezygotic, postzygotic

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where different species occupy their own habitats, so they rarely encounter each other

Ecological

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is where species differ in mating rituals

Behavioral

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ Isolation is where species reproduce at different times of the day/year

Temporal

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: ________ isolation is when there are structural differences between species preventing mating.

Mechanical

Prezygotic isolating mechanism: Prevention of ________ formation. The ________ of 2 species function poorly together

gamete, gametes

Postzygotic isolating mechanism: ________ inviability or infertility is where ________ embryos don't develop, ________ adults don't survive in nature, or ________ adults are sterile. (only input one word)

hybrid

________ species concept: Morphological and genetic sequence data is used to reconstruct an organism's evolutionary tree. A species is defined as a cluster of populations that share a recent evolutionary history as shown by the tree.

Phylogenetic

________ speciation: Speciation at a single locality (rare)

Sympatric

Sympatric speciation is common as a result of ________, where individuals have more than 2 sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy

________ is a form of polyploidy where all the chromosomes come from one species.

Autoploidy

________ is a form of polyploidy where the extra sets of chromosomes come from two species.

Allopolyploidy

________ speciation is where geographically separated populations evolve differences, leading to speciation.

Allopatric

In sympatric speciation, ________ selection is where two extremes are favored in a population, leading to two populations becoming reproductively isolated

disruptive

________ ________ is where there is a RAPID increase in the number of species from a common ancestor.

Adaptive Radiation

Adaptive radiation usually occurs in an environment with few other ________ and plenty of ________, or after a large ________ of other species.

species, resources, extinction

A ________ ________ is when new traits evolve in a species, potentially allowing it to use previously inaccessible resources.

key innovation

________ ________ is when similar species develop different traits to reduce competition for resources and mates in the same environment

Character displacement

________ occurs when a species slowly changes over time.

Gradualism

________ equilibrium is when a species evolves through long periods of ________ followed by rapid change

Punctuated, stasis

There have been __ mass extinctions. The ________ extinction wiped out dinosaurs __ million years ago. This led to the rapid diversification of ________

5, K-T, 66, mammals

Hierarchal Classification: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________

Domain, Kindom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speciec

Ancestral characteristics (________): Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

Plesiomorphy

Derived characteristics (________): Similarity that arose recently, only shared by a subset of the species.

Apomorphy

In cladistics, only ________ ________ characteristics (traits shared by multiple species from one shared ancestor) also called ________ are used

shared derived, synapomorphies

A ________ is any aspect of a phenotype

character

2 character states: Either a character is possessed "__" or not possessed "__".

1, 0

A trait inherited by two or more species from a common ancestor is called a ________ character.

homologous

________ are phenotypic similarities that evolved independently in different species (same concept as ________ evolution)

Homoplasies, convergent

________ differences often mean genetic differences. They are used to compare living species with fossils of extinct species.

Morphological

In a cladistical analysis, we ________ characters (ancestral or derived?). An ________ comparison allows us to compare to closely related species that isn't part of the group under study. Any character state exhibited by the outgroup is an ________ state.

Polarize, outgroup, ancestral

A ________ is an evolutionary unit including a a common ancestor and all descendants.

clade

________ are derived characters shared by clade members.

synapomorphies

________morphies are ancestral states, while ________morphies are shared ancestral states.

Plesio, symplesio

When a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor, rather independently (convergent evolution), it is called a ________

homoplasy

In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Monophyletic

In systematics, the ________ group includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all descendants

Paraphyletic

In systematics, the ________ group doesn't include a most recent common ancestor.

Polyphyletic

In taxonomy, the ________ (what's in and what's out) of higher taxon (above species) is not arbitrary - it must be ________

circumscription, monophyletic

In taxonomy, the ________ of higher taxa are arbitrary (i.e. a clade can be a family, subfamily, genus, etc.)

ranks

________: The basis for all comparative biology.

Phylogenetics

________ structures: Derived from the same ancestor

Homologous

________ structures: Not derived from the same ancestor

Homoplastic

Non-________ DNA mutations are often not eliminated by natural selection. Because of this, differences in DNA sequences can serve as a ________ ________ to tell us the time when 2 species diverged.

coding, molecular clock

__DNA can be used as a molecular clock for the last few million years, and __DNA can be used for hundreds of millions of years back.

mt, cp

In history, there are 4 ________ which are split into ________ which are further split into ________

Eons, eras, periods

There is no ________ evidence from the first 500-700 million years of earth

rock

Over time, ________ levels shifted, affecting temperature.

CO2

________ decreased CO2 levels on earth, lowering temperatures.

Weathering

Over time continents move, and supercontinents have been formed: ________ and ________ (which formed from ________)

Rodinia, pangea, gondwana

Life emerged in the ________ eon

archean

The ________ eon occurred 2.5 BYA and was characterized by the formation of ________, which split before the ________ eon.

Proterozoic, rodinia, phanerozoic

The first eon was the ________ eon

hadean

The ________-________ experiment reproduced the early atmosphere. The conclusion was that key molecules could have formed on early earth

Miller-Uray

________ are mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits up the 2.7 billion years old.

Stromatolites

Climate (temperature and water availability) and ________ have had dramatic changes over time, which has led to ________ ________.

atmosphere, mass extinctions

Earth when climate dramatically changes, and temperatures drop significantly is called "________ ________".

Snowball earth

Colonization of land by plants ~475 mya led to abrupt ________. The same happened when ________ plants diversified around 400 mya.

glaciation, vascular

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts entered early ________ cells through a process called ________

Eukaryotic, endosymbiosis

Multicellularity allows organisms to deal with environments in novel ways through ________

differentiation

Gene expression varies among cells to allow for ________

specialization

Sexual reproduction allows for greater ________ diversity. This is because of meiosis and crossing over.

genetic

The first Eukaryotes were probably ________, and ________ arose from a fusion of those cells.

haploid, diploids

The ________ Explosion was a rapid diversification of life (primarily ________) that occurred around ________ MYA.

Cambrian, aquatic, 500

After the Cambrian Explosion, ________ colonized land first, then ________.

plants, animals

________ evolved to protect organisms on land

photosynthesis

The ________ mass extinction occurred at the end of the Permian era, and led to the extinction of ___% of marine species and ___% of terrestrial vertebrates

Permian, 80, 70

"The Age of Dinosaurs", aka the ________ era. This era ended with the ________ mass extinction

Mesozoic, K-T

The first mammals appeared during the ________ period, the first birds in the ________, and the rise of flowering plants in the ________.

Triassic, Jurassic, Crataceous

The rise of mammals, grassland, and the origin of humans all occurred during the ________ era, which we live in today.

Cenozoic

________ distribution: When species live in suitable habitats throughout a geographical area

Continuous

________ distribution: When closely related species live in very different locations

Disjunct distribution

Disjunct distribution can occur in two ways: ________ where organisms move away from their place of origin; or ________ where there is physical separation of a geographical location.

Dispersal, vicariance

Pangea split into ________ and ________, which further split into the continents we see today.

Laurasia, Gondwana