Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 214 > Microevolution > Flashcards

Microevolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ _______ is the differences in alleles within a population

A

Genetic Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Changes in allele frequency within a population over time is called _______

A

microevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ _______ is the study of properties of genes in a population

A

Population genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Evolution results in a change in the _______ _______ of a population

A

genetic composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genetic variation is required for _______ to occur

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______-_______ _______ are used to measure genetic variation

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that proportions of _______ in a population do not change as long as: No _______ takes place; No genes are _______ to or from other sources (no _______ or _______); _______ is random; The _______ _______ is very large; No _______ occurs

A

genotypes, mutation, transferred, immigration, emigration, mating, population size, selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be written as an equation: _______ , where the p is the frequency of the 1st allele, and q is the frequency of the 2nd allele

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If all 5 assumptions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are true, _______ and _______ frequencies do not change from one generation to the next

A

allele, genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ultimate source of genetic variation which makes evolution possible is _______. However, rates are so low that other evolutionary processes are more important in changing _______ _______

A

mutation, allele frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ _______ is the movement of alleles from one population to another. This could be physical movement of an animal into a new population, or the drifting of _______ of plants/animals into an area. _______ and _______ can also travel long distances by way of wind

A

Gene flow, gametes, pollen, seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ mating can be split into Assortative mating and Disassortative mating

A

Nonrandom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ mating is when phenotypically similar individuals mate, increasing the proportion of _______ individuals

A

Assortative, homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_______ mating is when phenotypically different individuals mate, increasing the proportion of _______ individuals

A

Disassortative, heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In small populations, _______ _______ may lead to allele frequencies changing by chance alone.

A

Genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The magnitude of genetic drift is inversely related to _______ _______

A

population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetic drift can lead to the loss of _______ in isolated populations

A

alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In genetic drift, the _______ _______ is where one or a few individuals disperse and create a new, isolated population.

A

Founder affect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In genetic drift, the _______ _______ is where there is a drastic reduction in population size due to drought, disease, or other natural forces

A

bottleneck effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The bottleneck effect results in a loss of _______ _______

A

genetic variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Selection favors certain _______ over others

A

genotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

For natural selection to occur: Variation must exist among individuals; Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring _______ in the next generation; Variation must have a _______ basis

A

variation, genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Natural selection is a _______, while evolution is the historical record or outcome of change through time

A

process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Widespread use of _______ has led to the rapid evolution of resistance in more than 500 pest species

A

insecticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

There has been evolution of resistance to _______ in many disease-causing pathogens

A

antibiotics

26
Q

_______: Individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring in the next generation than individuals with an alternative phenotype

A

Fitness

27
Q

Measuring fitness: The most fit phenotype is assigned a fitness value of __.

A

1

28
Q

Measuring fitness: If green toads have 4 offspring and brown toads leave 2.5 offspring, what is the fitness of each?

A

Green fitness: 4/4 = 1; Brown fitness: 2.5/4 = 0.625

29
Q

Fitness has many components: _______ (the ability to live), _______ _______ ( some individuals are more successful at attracting mates), _______ of offspring per mating

A

Survival, sexual selection, number

30
Q

Selection favors phenotypes with the greatest _______

A

fitness

31
Q

When trying to maximize fitness, females evaluate a male’s _______ and decide whether to mate

A

quality

32
Q

_______ _______ refers to the energy and time each sex invests in producing and rearing offspring. Females’ is higher

A

Parental investment

33
Q

Males best increase their fitness by _______ with as many females as possible

A

mating

34
Q

In cases with _______ care, mate choice should be more equal

A

biparental

35
Q

_______ _______ - Competitive interactions between members of one sex (usually males) for the opportunity to mate

A

Intrasexual selection

36
Q

_______ _______ - Active choice of a mate

A

Intersexual selection

37
Q

_______ _______ _______ - Antlers and horns used to combat other males; long tail feathers and bright plumage used to “persuade” members of opposite sex

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

38
Q

_______ _______ - Differences between sexes (males larger than females)

A

Sexual dimorphism

39
Q

_______ _______ - selects for features that increase probability that a male’s sperm will fertilize the eggs

A

Sperm competition

40
Q

_______ _______ - evolution in males of a signal that exploits preexisting biases

A

Sensory exploitation

41
Q

_______-_______ selection is where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency within the population

A

Frequency-dependent

42
Q

_______ frequency-dependent selection is where rare phenotypes are favored by selection. Maybe they are preyed upon less frequently

A

Negative

43
Q

_______ frequency-dependent selection is where common phenotypes are favored. This tends to eliminate variation

A

Positive

44
Q

_______ selection is selection that favors one phenotype at one time and another phenotype at another time

A

Oscillating

45
Q

Oscillating selection maintains _______ _______ in the population

A

genetic variation

46
Q

_______ _______ is where heterozygotes are favored over homozygotes

A

Heterozygote advantage

47
Q

Heterozygote advantage works to maintain both _______ in the population

A

alleles

48
Q

Many traits are affected by more than one _______

A

gene

49
Q

_______ _______ acts to eliminate intermediate types

A

Disruptive selection

50
Q

_______ _______ acts to eliminate one extreme

A

Directional selection

51
Q

_______ _______ acts to eliminate both extremes, making the intermediate more common

A

Stabilizing selection

52
Q

Guppies, they are capable of colonizing portions of streams above _______, meaning they have different _______ methods

A

waterfall, dispersal

53
Q

_______ of guppies are rare above waterfalls, leading to _______, more _______ guppies there.

A

Predators, larger, colorful

54
Q

_______ _______ eat guppies and _______ don’t

A

Pike cichlids, killfish

55
Q

_______ and _______ _______ may counter selection

A

mutations, genetic drift

56
Q

Selection is _______ but genetic drift is _______

A

nonrandom, random

57
Q

Gene flow can be _______ or _______

A

constructive, constraining

58
Q

Constructive gene flow can spread beneficial _______ to other populations

A

mutation

59
Q

Constraining gene flow can impede adaptation by continual flow of _______ _______ from other populations

A

inferior alleles

60
Q

Some limits of selection are that: One allele can affect multiple _______. There is also a lack of _______ _______

A

phenotypes, genetic variation

61
Q
A

BIO 214 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions