Microevolution

Question 1

_______ _______ is the differences in alleles within a population

Answer 1

Genetic Variation

Question 2

Changes in allele frequency within a population over time is called _______

Answer 2

microevolution

Question 3

_______ _______ is the study of properties of genes in a population

Answer 3

Population genetics

Question 4

Evolution results in a change in the _______ _______ of a population

Answer 4

genetic composition

Question 5

Genetic variation is required for _______ to occur

Answer 5

evolution

Question 6

_______-_______ _______ are used to measure genetic variation

Answer 6

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 7

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that proportions of _______ in a population do not change as long as: No _______ takes place; No genes are _______ to or from other sources (no _______ or _______); _______ is random; The _______ _______ is very large; No _______ occurs

Answer 7

genotypes, mutation, transferred, immigration, emigration, mating, population size, selection

Question 8

The Hardy-Weinberg principle can be written as an equation: _______ , where the p is the frequency of the 1st allele, and q is the frequency of the 2nd allele

Answer 8

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 9

If all 5 assumptions for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are true, _______ and _______ frequencies do not change from one generation to the next

Answer 9

allele, genotype

Question 10

The ultimate source of genetic variation which makes evolution possible is _______. However, rates are so low that other evolutionary processes are more important in changing _______ _______

Answer 10

mutation, allele frequency

Question 11

_______ _______ is the movement of alleles from one population to another. This could be physical movement of an animal into a new population, or the drifting of _______ of plants/animals into an area. _______ and _______ can also travel long distances by way of wind

Answer 11

Gene flow, gametes, pollen, seeds

Question 12

_______ mating can be split into Assortative mating and Disassortative mating

Answer 12

Nonrandom

Question 13

_______ mating is when phenotypically similar individuals mate, increasing the proportion of _______ individuals

Answer 13

Assortative, homozygous

Question 14

_______ mating is when phenotypically different individuals mate, increasing the proportion of _______ individuals

Answer 14

Disassortative, heterozygous

Question 15

In small populations, _______ _______ may lead to allele frequencies changing by chance alone.

Answer 15

Genetic drift

Question 16

The magnitude of genetic drift is inversely related to _______ _______

Answer 16

population size

Question 17

Genetic drift can lead to the loss of _______ in isolated populations

Answer 17

alleles

Question 18

In genetic drift, the _______ _______ is where one or a few individuals disperse and create a new, isolated population.

Answer 18

Founder affect

Question 19

In genetic drift, the _______ _______ is where there is a drastic reduction in population size due to drought, disease, or other natural forces

Answer 19

bottleneck effect

Question 20

The bottleneck effect results in a loss of _______ _______

Answer 20

genetic variability

Question 21

Selection favors certain _______ over others

Answer 21

genotypes

Question 22

For natural selection to occur: Variation must exist among individuals; Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring _______ in the next generation; Variation must have a _______ basis

Answer 22

variation, genetic

Question 23

Natural selection is a _______, while evolution is the historical record or outcome of change through time

Answer 23

process

Question 24

Widespread use of _______ has led to the rapid evolution of resistance in more than 500 pest species

Answer 24

insecticides

Question 25

There has been evolution of resistance to _______ in many disease-causing pathogens

Answer 25

antibiotics

Question 26

_______: Individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring in the next generation than individuals with an alternative phenotype

Answer 26

Fitness

Question 27

Measuring fitness: The most fit phenotype is assigned a fitness value of __.

Answer 27

1

Question 28

Measuring fitness: If green toads have 4 offspring and brown toads leave 2.5 offspring, what is the fitness of each?

Answer 28

Green fitness: 4/4 = 1; Brown fitness: 2.5/4 = 0.625

Question 29

Fitness has many components: _______ (the ability to live), _______ _______ ( some individuals are more successful at attracting mates), _______ of offspring per mating

Answer 29

Survival, sexual selection, number

Question 30

Selection favors phenotypes with the greatest _______

Answer 30

fitness

Question 31

When trying to maximize fitness, females evaluate a male's _______ and decide whether to mate

Answer 31

quality

Question 32

_______ _______ refers to the energy and time each sex invests in producing and rearing offspring. Females' is higher

Answer 32

Parental investment

Question 33

Males best increase their fitness by _______ with as many females as possible

Answer 33

mating

Question 34

In cases with _______ care, mate choice should be more equal

Answer 34

biparental

Question 35

_______ _______ - Competitive interactions between members of one sex (usually males) for the opportunity to mate

Answer 35

Intrasexual selection

Question 36

_______ _______ - Active choice of a mate

Answer 36

Intersexual selection

Question 37

_______ _______ _______ - Antlers and horns used to combat other males; long tail feathers and bright plumage used to "persuade" members of opposite sex

Answer 37

Secondary sexual characteristics

Question 38

_______ _______ - Differences between sexes (males larger than females)

Answer 38

Sexual dimorphism

Question 39

_______ _______ - selects for features that increase probability that a male's sperm will fertilize the eggs

Answer 39

Sperm competition

Question 40

_______ _______ - evolution in males of a signal that exploits preexisting biases

Answer 40

Sensory exploitation

Question 41

_______-_______ selection is where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency within the population

Answer 41

Frequency-dependent

Question 42

_______ frequency-dependent selection is where rare phenotypes are favored by selection. Maybe they are preyed upon less frequently

Answer 42

Negative

Question 43

_______ frequency-dependent selection is where common phenotypes are favored. This tends to eliminate variation

Answer 43

Positive

Question 44

_______ selection is selection that favors one phenotype at one time and another phenotype at another time

Answer 44

Oscillating

Question 45

Oscillating selection maintains _______ _______ in the population

Answer 45

genetic variation

Question 46

_______ _______ is where heterozygotes are favored over homozygotes

Answer 46

Heterozygote advantage

Question 47

Heterozygote advantage works to maintain both _______ in the population

Answer 47

alleles

Question 48

Many traits are affected by more than one _______

Answer 48

gene

Question 49

_______ _______ acts to eliminate intermediate types

Answer 49

Disruptive selection

Question 50

_______ _______ acts to eliminate one extreme

Answer 50

Directional selection

Question 51

_______ _______ acts to eliminate both extremes, making the intermediate more common

Answer 51

Stabilizing selection

Question 52

Guppies, they are capable of colonizing portions of streams above _______, meaning they have different _______ methods

Answer 52

waterfall, dispersal

Question 53

_______ of guppies are rare above waterfalls, leading to _______, more _______ guppies there.

Answer 53

Predators, larger, colorful

Question 54

_______ _______ eat guppies and _______ don't

Answer 54

Pike cichlids, killfish

Question 55

_______ and _______ _______ may counter selection

Answer 55

mutations, genetic drift

Question 56

Selection is _______ but genetic drift is _______

Answer 56

nonrandom, random

Question 57

Gene flow can be _______ or _______

Answer 57

constructive, constraining

Question 58

Constructive gene flow can spread beneficial _______ to other populations

Answer 58

mutation

Question 59

Constraining gene flow can impede adaptation by continual flow of _______ _______ from other populations

Answer 59

inferior alleles

Question 60

Some limits of selection are that: One allele can affect multiple _______. There is also a lack of _______ _______

Answer 60

phenotypes, genetic variation