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BIO 214 > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gregor _______ studied pea plants when studying heredity because they could produce _______, there are many variates, they are small and easy to grow, and can self-_______ or be cross-_______

A

Mendel, hybrids, fertilize, fertilized

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2
Q

Mendel’s experimental method was in three stages: Produce _______-_______ strains for each trait he was studying; _______-_______ two of these strains having alternate forms of a trait (and perform _______ crosses); Allow the _______ offspring to _______-_______ for several generations

A

true-breeding, cross-fertilize, reciprocal, self-fertilize

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3
Q

A _______ _______ is used to study only two variations of a single trait

A

Monohybrid cross

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4
Q

Mendel produced true-breeding pea strains for _______ traits

A

seven

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5
Q

The _______ generation is where offspring are produced by crossing two true-breeding strains

A

F1

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6
Q

Visible trait in the F1 generation was referred to as _______

A

dominant

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7
Q

The alternative trait in the F1 generation was called _______

A

recessive

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8
Q

In Mendel’s F1 generation with the pea plants, there were no plants with _______ characteristics of parents produced, meaning there was no _______ inheritance

A

intermediate, blending

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9
Q

How is the F2 generation produced?

A

The self-fertilization of F1 plants

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10
Q

Although masked in the F1 generation, the _______ trait reappeared among some F2 individuals

A

recessive

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11
Q

Mendel found always about a _______:_______ ratio of dominant : recessive traits in the _______ generation

A

3:1, F2

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12
Q

Mendel discovered that instead of 3:1 dominant : recessive in F2, the ratio is actually __ _______-_______ dominant : __ _______-_______-_______ dominant : __ _______-_______ recessive

A

1 true-breeding, 2 non-true-breeding, 1 true-breeding

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13
Q

Mendel’s 5-element model:

  1. Parents transmit discrete _______ (_______)
  2. Each offspring individual receives what?
  3. Not all copies of a gene are _______
  4. Alleles remain _______ - no _______
  5. Presence of _______ does not guarantee _______
A

factors (genes), one copy of a gene from each parent, identical, discrete, blending, allele, expression

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14
Q

_______ - Alternative form of a gene

A

Allele

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15
Q

_______ - two of the same allele

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

_______ - different alleles

A

heterozygous

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17
Q

_______ allele - expressed

A

Dominant

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18
Q

_______ allele - hidden by dominant allele

A

Recessive

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19
Q

_______ - Two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation (one from each parent) and are rejoined _______ _______ during fertilization

A

Segregation, at random

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20
Q

A _______ _______ is used to study two variations of two traits in a single cross

A

Dihybrid cross

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21
Q

The F1 generation of a dihybrid cross chows only the _______ _______ for each trait

A

dominant phenotypes

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22
Q

A dihybrid cross produces what ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

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23
Q

For the dihybrid cross Rr Yy x Rr Yy the 9:3:3:1 ratio would be (_______):(_______):(_______):(_______)

A

(R_ Y_):(R_ yy):(rr Y_):(rr yy) - where an underscore represents a dominant or recessive allele

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24
Q

In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene are _______ _______

A

independently assorted

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25
Q

In a dihybrid cross, the _______ of different allele pairs is independent - for example seed shape is independent of seed color

A

segregation

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26
Q

The independent alignment of different homologous chromosome pairs during _______ _______ leads to the _______ _______ of the different allele pairs

A

metaphase I, independent segregation

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27
Q

A _______ is used to determine the genotype of an individual with an unknown phenotype

A

testcross

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28
Q

In a testcross you always cross the unknown genotype with what?

A

a homozygous recessive

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29
Q

_______ _______ _______: The probability that either of two mutually exclusive events occurs is the sum of their individual probabilities

A

Rule of addition

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30
Q

When crossing Pp x Pp, the probability of producing Pp offspring is what? Why

A

Probability of obtaining Pp (1/4) PLUS probability of obtaining pP (1/4) = 1/2

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31
Q

_______ _______ _______: Probability of two independent events both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities

A

Rule of multiplication

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32
Q

When crossing Pp x Pp, what is the probability of obtaining pp and why?

A

Probability of p from father: 1/2; probability of p from mother: 1/2; probability of pp = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

33
Q

_______ _______ refers to different phenotypes from the same genotype due to environmental conditions

A

phenotypic plasticity

34
Q

_______ _______ refers to a range of possible phenotypes across genotypes

A

Continuous variation

35
Q

Often a phenotype is the result of an accumulation of contributions by multiple _______, and these traits show continuous variation and are referred to as _______ _______

A

genes, quantitative traits

36
Q

_______ _______ _______ (H^2) is the fraction of phenotypic variation due to underlying genetic variation

A

Broad sense heritability

37
Q

_______ _______ _______ (h^2) is the fraction of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variance

A

Narrow sense heritability

38
Q

_______ refers to an allele hat has more than one effect on the phenotype

A

Pleiotropy

39
Q

_______ _______ is where the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the two homozygotes

A

Incomplete Dominance (like pink flowers)

40
Q

_______ is where a heterozygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes

A

Codominance (like type AB blood)

41
Q

Human ABO blood demonstrates both _______ and _______ _______.

A

Codominance, multiple alleles

42
Q

In human ABO blood, there are three alleles of the I gene (__, __, and __). The first two are _______ to the 3rd, but _______ to each other

A

I^A, I^B, i, dominant, codominant

43
Q

_______ is when the action of one gene obscures the effects of another gene

A

Epistasis

44
Q

When working with the fruit fly, T.H morgen discovered a _______ male fly with _______ eyes instead of red. He crossed this male fly with a normal red-eyed female

A

mutant, white

45
Q

When Morgan crossed the mutant white-eyed fly with a normal red-eyed female, all of the F1 _______ had what?

A

progeny, red eyes (dominant trait)

46
Q

When Morgan crossed the F1 females and F1 males, the F2 generation contained what?

A

Both red and and white-eyed flies, but all white-eyed flies were male

47
Q

A _______ of an F1 female fly with a _______-_______ male showed the viability of _______-_______ females

A

testcross, white-eyed, white-eyed

48
Q

Morgan concluded that the eye color gene resides on the _______ _______ _______

A

female X chromosome

49
Q

Traits determined by sex chromosome genes are _______-_______

A

sex-linked

50
Q

_______ _______ are a pair of dissimilar chromosomes that still pair during meiosis and mitosis

A

Sex chromosomes

51
Q

Sex determination in Drosophila is based on the number of _______ _______

A

X chromosomes

52
Q

_______ _______ varies across organisms: It is based on the presence of a Y chromosome in humans. In birds the male has two Z chromosomes and females are ZW.

A

Sex determination

53
Q

Humans have _______ total chromosomes. 22 pairs are _______, and 1 pair are _______ _______

A

46, autosomes, sex chromosomes

54
Q

In organisms with XY sex-determination, few genes from the __ chromosome are expressed.

A

Y

55
Q

Human males have __ chromosomes

A

XY

56
Q

Human females have __ chromosomes

A

XX

57
Q

Certain genetic diseases affect _______ to a greater degree than _______

A

males, females

58
Q

_______ _______ ensures equal expression of genes from sex chromosomes even though the number of chromosomes is different between the sexes

A

Dosage compensation

59
Q

In mammal female cells, 1 X chromosome is randomly inactivated and is highly condensed into a _______ _______

A

Barr body

60
Q

Females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are _______ _______

A

genetic mosaics

61
Q

Some exceptions to the chromosome theory: _______ and _______ contain genes and these don’t follow the chromosomal theory of _______

A

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, inheritance

62
Q

Genes from mitochondria and chloroplasts are often passed to the offspring by the mother, called _______ _______

A

maternal inheritance

63
Q

_______ _______ exchanges alleles

A

Crossing over

64
Q

If crossover occurs, parental alleles are recombined producing _______ gametes

A

recombinant

65
Q

The result of the Creighton and McClintock experiment was that _______ recombinant progeny also have _______ recombinant chromosomes

A

genetically, physically

66
Q

The conclusion of the Creighton and McClintock experiment was that a physical exchange of _______ _______ accompanied _______ _______

A

genetic material, genetic recombination

67
Q

The distance between genes is proportional to the frequency of _______ events

A

recombination

68
Q

recombination frequency = _______ _______ / _______ _______

A

recombinant progeny / total progeny

69
Q

1% recombination = 1 _______ _______ = 1 _______

A

map unit (m. u.), centimorgan (cM)

70
Q

Odd numbers of cross over events (1, 3, etc.) produce _______ _______, while no crossover or even numbers of crossovers (0, 2, etc.) produce _______ _______

A

recombinant gametes, parental gametes

71
Q

_______ analysis is used to track inheritance patterns in families

A

Pedigree

72
Q

_______ is the failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

A

Nondisjunction

73
Q

_______ is the gain or loss of a chromosome, and is the result of nondisjunction. _______ is the loss of a chromosome, and _______ is the gain

A

Aneuploidy, Monosomy, Trisomy

74
Q

Autosomes __ and __ can survive to adulthood

A

21, 22

75
Q

Trisomy __ (_______ _______) is where a human has a full 3rd chromosome

A

21, down syndrome

76
Q

_______ of sex chromosomes can produce individuals with somewhat abnormal features, but often reach maturity.

A

Nondisjunction

77
Q

Some examples of nondisjunction of sex chromosomes: XXX - triple-X females; XXY - males (_______ syndrome); XO - females (_______ syndrome); OY - _______ zygotes; XYY - males (_______ syndrome)

A

Klinefelter, Turners, nonviable, Jacob

78
Q
A

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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