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BIO 214 > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Beadle and Tatum (1941) studied _______ mold. They used _______ to damage DNA. They looked for _______ mutations

A

bread, X-rays, nutritional

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2
Q

In Arginine, each step is catalyzed by an _______. Beadle and Tatum isolated strains that couldn’t grow unless fed arginine

A

enzyme

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3
Q

Beadle and Tatum’s findings led to the one-_______/one-_______ hypothesis.

A

gene, enzyme

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4
Q

The central _______ describes information flow. Information only flows from _______ -> _______ -> _______.

A

dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein

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5
Q

_______ is the flow from DNA to RNA (which are both _______ _______)

A

Transcription, nucleic acids

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6
Q

_______ is the flow from RNA to Protein (from _______ _______ to protein)

A

Translation, nucleic acid

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7
Q

_______ violate the order of information flow using reverse transcriptase to convert _______ into _______

A

Retroviruses, RNA, DNA

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8
Q

Transcription is DNA-directed _______ of RNA.

A

synthesis

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9
Q

Only one strand of DNA is copied as RNA, called the _______ strand. The strand of DNA not used as a template is called the _______ strand.

A

template, coding

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10
Q

In RNA, T (thymine) is replaced by _______

A

U (uracil)

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11
Q

_______ is used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides

A

mRNA

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12
Q

_______ is the RNA which is the intermediate form of information from nucleus to cytoplasm for processing

A

mRNA

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13
Q

_______ is the class of RNA found in ribosomes, and is essential for their function in protein production

A

rRNA

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14
Q

_______ is the intermediary adapter molecule between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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15
Q

_______ is the RNA which is part of machinery involved in the processing of “pre-mRNA” in splicing

A

snRNA

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16
Q

_______ _______ is the mediator for proteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

SRP RNA

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17
Q

_______ and _______ are RNA’s involved in the control of gene expression

A

miRNA, siRNA

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18
Q

_______ and _______ determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order

A

Crick, Brenner

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19
Q

A _______ is a block of three DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid

A

codon

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20
Q

A _______ mutation is a single nucleotide (nt) insertion/deletion

A

frameshift

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21
Q

When Crick and Brenner introduced frameshift mutations, the addition or deletion of __ or __ nts shifted the genetic message, but the addition/deletion of __ nts resulted in a normal protein aside from the addition/deletion

A

1, 2, 3

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22
Q

Crick and Brenner determined that the _______ _______ is read in increments of 3 nts, read continuously.

A

genetic code

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23
Q

The three stop codons which are used to terminate translation are _______, _______, and _______.

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

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24
Q

The start codon used to signify the start of translation is _______

A

AUG

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25
Q

Code is _______, meaning that some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

A

degenerate

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26
Q

Prokaryotes have a single RNA _______

A

polymerase

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27
Q

There are two forms of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes: _______ _______ and _______

A

core polymerase, holoenzyme

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28
Q

The RNA polymerase Holoenzyme is needed to accurately initiate _______, and is formed by the addition of a _______ subunit to the Core Polymerase

A

synthesis, sigma

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29
Q

Transcription requires a _______ region, which forms recognition and binding site for RNA _______

A

promoter, polymerase

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30
Q

Transcription requires a _______ site, the site where RNA synthesis begins

A

start

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31
Q

In transcription, the _______ is the signal to end transcription

A

terminator

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32
Q

The region from the promotor to the terminator is called the _______ _______

A

transcription unit

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33
Q

The promoter is found _______ of the start site, and is not _______.

A

upstream, transcribed

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34
Q

During elongation, RNA Polymerases read the _______ strand in the ___ to ___ direction, and then synthesizes RNA in the ___ to ___ direction as _______ are added

A

template, 3’, 5’, 5’, 3’, ribonucleotides

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35
Q

During elongation, RNA Polymerase DOES IT ALL! It opens up _______, _______ single strands (like SSB proteins), _______ DNA (like helicase) and then synthesizes RNA.

A

DNA, stabilizes, unwinds

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36
Q

After the _______ bubble passes during elongation, the now-transcribed DNA is _______ as it leaves the bubble

A

transcription, rewound

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37
Q

Termination occurs at specific sites. The _______-_______ hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates. Then _______ _______ releases the DNA, and the DNA _______

A

RNA-DNA, RNA polymerase, rewinds

38
Q

The simplest terminator of transcription is a series of ___-___ base-pairs followed by a series of ___-___ base-pairs. This can form a _______, which causes RNA polymerase to pause at _______.

A

G-C, A-T, hairpin, uracil

39
Q

___-___ bonds are the weakest bonds, resulting in dissociation of _______ from _______ in the transcription bubble

A

U-A, RNA, DNA

40
Q

Prokaryotic transcription is _______ to translation, meaning that mRNA begins to be translated before transcription is finished

A

coupled

41
Q

Eukaryotes have 3 RNA polymerases: RNA Pol I transcribes _______, RNA pol II transcribes _______ and some _______, and RNA pol III transcribes _______ and some other _______ RNA’s.

A

rRNA, mRNA, snRNA, tRNA, small

42
Q

Each of the three Eukaryotic RNA polymerases recognizes its own _______

A

promoter

43
Q

RNA pol I promoters are _______ specific

A

species

44
Q

RNA pol II promoters consist of a _______ promoter that can be composed of a number of elements, including the _______ box (which is _______ of the start site)

A

core, TATA, upstream

45
Q

RNA pol III promoters are found within the _______ itself

A

gene

46
Q

Initiation of transcription at RNA Pol II promoters requires a series of _______ factors. These are necessary to get the RNA pol II enzyme to a _______ and to initiate gene _______. They interact with RNA pol to form the _______ complex at the promoter

A

transcription, promoter, expression, intiation

47
Q

In the Eukaryotic initiation complex, a transcription factor recognizes and binds to the _______ _______ sequence, which is part of the _______ promoter. Other transcription factors are recruited, and the initiation _______ begins to build. Ultimately, RNA Pol II associates with the transcription factors and the DNA, forming the initiation _______, and _______ begins.

A

TATA box, core, complex, complex, transcription

48
Q

In eukaryotes, the primary transcript must be _______ to become mature mRNA.

A

modified

49
Q

One mRNA modification in Eukaryotes is the addition of a 5’ ___. Essentially, _______ is added to the 5’ end, with GTP modified by the addition of a _______ group, called the _______-__ _______ .

A

cap, GTP, methyl, methyl-G cap

50
Q

One mRNA modification in eukaryotes is the addition of a 3’ _______-___ _______. This is created by _______-___ polymerase.

A

poly-A tail, poly-A

51
Q

_______ are non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes

A

Introns

52
Q

_______ are sequences that will be translated in Eukaryotic genes

A

Exons

53
Q

Eukaryotes deal with introns by cutting and putting back together the primary transcript to produce mature _______, called _______-_______ splicing.

A

mRNA, pre-mRNA splicing

54
Q

_______s recognize the intron-exon boundaries and combine with other proteins to form _______s, which are responsible for removing introns via _______.

A

snRNP, spliceosome, splicing

55
Q

The number of introns per gene and size of introns and exons _______ greatly.

A

vary

56
Q

The _______ is all the RNA’s produced from a genome

A

Transcriptome

57
Q

_______ is all the proteins produced from a genome

A

Proteome

58
Q

_______ splicing is the process of a single primary transcript being spliced into different _______s by including different sets of _______.

A

Alternative, mRNA, exons

59
Q

Alternative splicing greatly increase the number and variety of _______s encoded in the cell nucleus without increasing the size of the _______

A

proteins, genome

60
Q

It is estimated that ___% of human genes produce multiple splice products (alternative splicing)

A

95

61
Q

_______ are the key macromolecular machine involved in translation, and requires the interaction with _______ and _______ to synthesize proteins.

A

Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA

62
Q

tRNA molecules can interact with _______ and _______ _______, and carry the latter to the ribosome for incorporation into a _______

A

mRNA, amino acids, polypeptide

63
Q

_______-_______ _______ add amino acids to the acceptor stem of tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

64
Q

The _______ _______ in tRNA contains three nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons

A

Anticodon loop

65
Q

Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes only one _______ _______ but several _______

A

amino acid, tRNAs

66
Q

_______ tRNA has an amino acid added via a _______ reaction using the energy from ATP. This is an activated intermediate molecule that can undergo _______ bond formation spontaneously. The _______ stem is joined to carboxyl terminus, which means that new peptide bonds are formed between the _______ group and _______ group of linked amino acids.

A

Charged, charging, peptide, acceptor, amino, carboxyl

67
Q

Ribosomes do not _______ amino acid attached to tRNA

A

verify

68
Q

Ribosomes have two subunits: _______ and _______

A

large, small

69
Q

The ribosome has multiple tRNA-binding sites: A (_______) site - binds the tRNA carrying the next _______ _______; P (_______) site - binds the tRNA attached to the growing _______ chain; and E (_______) site - binds the tRNA that carried the _______ amino acid added

A

Aminoacyl, amino acid, Peptidyl, peptide, Exit, previous

70
Q

The two primary functions of ribosomes is to _______ the mRNA (primarily the _______ subunit) and to form _______ bonds.

A

decode, small, peptide

71
Q

_______ _______ is the enzymatic component of the ribosome, and is part of the large subunit. It forms peptide bonds between _______ _______

A

Peptidyl transferase, amino acids

72
Q

The activity of ribosomes is thought to be mostly carried out by _______ vs. the protein component

A

rRNA

73
Q

In prokaryotic translation, the initiation complex includes: The charged _______ tRNA , the _______ ribosomal subunit, and an _______ strand

A

Initiator, small, mRNA

74
Q

The _______ _______ sequence of mRNA positions the small subunit correctly.

A

Ribosome binding

75
Q

Initiator tRNA is bound to ___ site with ___ site empty

A

P, A

76
Q

Eukaryotic translation initiation is similar to prokaryotic, except the initiating amino acid is _______, it is more complicated, and lacks an RBS (_______ _______ _______) - the small subunit binds to the _______ _______ of mRNA

A

methionine, Ribosomal binding site, 5’ cap

77
Q

Translation elongation adds _______ _______. The 2nd charged tRNA can bind to the empty ___ site.

A

amino acids, A

78
Q

Translation elongation requires an _______ factor called EF-Tu to bind to _______ and _______. Then the _______ bond can form. The addition of successive amino acids occurs as a cycle, where the tRNA _______ is matched with the mRNA _______, the peptide bond is _______, and the _______ is translocated

A

elongation, tRNA, GTP, peptide, anticodon, codon, formed, ribosome

79
Q

Wobble pairing allows less stringent pairing between the 3’ base of the _______ and the 5’ base of the _______. There are fewer _______ than codons, so this allows the lower number of them to accommodate all codons.

A

codon, anticodon, tRNAs

80
Q

Elongation continues until the ribosome encounters a _______ _______, which doesn’t bind to tRNA. They are recognized as release factors which release the _______ from the ribosome

A

stop codon, polypeptide

81
Q

In eukaryotes, translation may occur in the _______ or the _______ _______ _______ (RER).

A

Cytoplasm, Rough endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

_______ sequences at the beginning of the polypeptide sequence bind to the _______ _______ _______ (SRP) in the cytoplasm. This sequence and the SRP complex are recognized by _______ receptor proteins. _______ holds the ribosome to these receptor proteins.

A

Signal, Signal recognition particle, RER , docking

83
Q

_______ are heritable change in the genetic material.

A

Mutations

84
Q

A _______ _______ leads to single-nucleotide variation (SNV) in populations

A

point mutation

85
Q

A _______ _______ is the substitution of one base for another. There are two categories: _______ if the mutation is purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine, or _______ if the mutation is purine-pyrimidine.

A

base substitution, transition, transversion

86
Q

A _______ _______ is a type of point mutation where the same amino acid is inserted, so there is no net effect

A

silent mutation

87
Q

A _______ _______ is a point mutation that changes the amino acid inserted

A

missense mutation

88
Q

A _______ _______ is a point mutation that creates a stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

89
Q

The gain or loss of 1-50 base pairs is called an _______

A

indel (insertion/deletion)

90
Q

A _______ _______ is a mutation where a base is added or deleted, which has profound consequences

A

Frameshift mutation

91
Q

Mutations are the starting point for _______

A

evolution

92
Q

Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame _______

A

downstream

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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