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BIO 214 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Populations are groups of individuals in one _______ and _______

A

place, time

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2
Q

A _______ _______ is the area throughout which a population occurs

A

Geographic Range

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3
Q

A _______ is the biotic and abiotic feature of a population’s range

A

habitat

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4
Q

Population _______ is how individuals are physically spaced out

A

density

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5
Q

Population _______ is the number of individuals and how that number changes through time

A

size

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6
Q

Ranges of populations change through time with _______ changes

A

environmental

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7
Q

Individuals in populations exhibit different _______ patterns (how they interact with each other)

A

spacing

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8
Q

_______ _______ : Individuals do not interact strongly with one another (not common in nature)

A

Random spacing

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9
Q

_______ _______: Behavioral interactions, resource competition

A

Uniform spacing

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10
Q

_______ _______: Uneven distribution of resources (common in nature)

A

Clumped spacing

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11
Q

_______ occur in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat

A

Metapopulations

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12
Q

In dispersal: interaction may not be _______; Populations ________ and send out many dispersers; _______ populations have few dispersers; Individual populations may become _______; Population _______ may occur

A

symmetrical, increase, small, extinct, bottlenecks

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13
Q

In _______-_______ metapopulations, some areas are suitable for long-term habitat while others are not.

A

Source-sink

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14
Q

In source-sink metapopulations, populations in better areas (_______) bolster the population in poorer areas (_______)

A

source, sink

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15
Q

In source sink metapopulations, the species occupies a _______ area than is otherwise might. Also, the continuous colonization of empty patches prevents _______-_______ _______

A

larger, long-term extinction

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16
Q

_______ is the quantitative study of populations

A

Demography

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17
Q

Demography measures how _______ changes through time

A

size

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18
Q

Population growth can be influenced by the population’s _______ _______

A

sex ratio

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19
Q

Populations with _______ generations can increase in size more quickly than populations with _______ generations

A

short, long

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20
Q

_______ _______ is determined by the number of individuals in a different age group

A

age structure

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21
Q

_______: Group of individuals of the same age

A

Cohort

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22
Q

_______: Number of offspring produced in a standard time

A

Fecundity

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23
Q

_______: Death rate in a standard time

A

Mortality

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24
Q

_______ is the percent of an original population that survives to a given age

A

Survivorship

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25
Q

Natural selection favors traits that maximize the number of _______ _______ left in the next generation by an individual organism. 2 factors affect this quantity: _______ and how many offspring it produces each year

A

surviving offspring, lifespan

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26
Q

_______ offspring have a greater chance of survival

A

Larger

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27
Q

_______-_______ species delay reproduction. The advantage is that juveniles gain experience before the high cost of reproduction

A

Long-lived

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28
Q

_______-_______ species reproduce early. Time is important; delay may mean no offspring

A

Short-lived

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29
Q

_______ _______ model applies to populations with no growth limits

A

Exponential growth

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30
Q

Exponential growth equation: _______

A

r = (b-d) + (i-e) where r = rate of population increase; b = birth rate; d = death rate; i = immigration; e = emigration

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31
Q

_______ _______: e = i, and there are no limits on population growth, then: dN/dt = riN. N is the _______ of individuals in the population; dN/dt is the rate of change over time; ri is the _______ rate of natural increase for the population

A

Biotic potential, number, intrinsic

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32
Q

The biotic potential of any population is _______ , even when the rate of increase remains constant.

A

exponential

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33
Q

The result of unchecked exponential population growth is _______ _______

A

population explosion

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34
Q

_______ _______: Symbolized by K, is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

A

Carrying capacity

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35
Q

_______ _______ _______: Applies to populations as they reach K (carrying capacity, the max number of individuals the environment can support)

A

Logistic growth model

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36
Q

Logistic Growth Model: _______

A

dN / dt = rN (K - N) / K

37
Q

As N approaches K, the rate of population growth begins to _______

A

slow

38
Q

If N = K, the population growth rate is _______

A

zero

39
Q

If the population size exceeds K, the population size will _______ until it reaches K

A

decline

40
Q

_______-_______ factors affect the population and depend on population size

A

Density-dependent

41
Q

_______-_______ factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size

A

Density-independent

42
Q

_______ _______ _______ of a population at any instant is limited by something unrelated to the size of the population, such as external _______ aspects

A

Rate of growth, environmental

43
Q

_______ availability affects life history adaptations.

A

Resource

44
Q

_______-_______ populations are adapted to thrive when population is near its carrying capacity

A

K-selected

45
Q

When resources are limited, the cost of _______ is high

A

reproduction

46
Q

_______-_______ populations are populations far below their carrying capacity, where resources are abundant

A

r-selected

47
Q

In r-selected populations, costs of reproduction are _______

A

low

48
Q

In r-selected populations, selection favors individuals with the highest _______ rates

A

reproductive

49
Q

Most natural populations show live history adaptations that exist along a continuum of _______- and _______- selected traits

A

r, K

50
Q

Some K-selected life history traits include: Small _______ size, late _______, and a high degree of _______ _______

A

offspring (brood), reproduction, parental care

51
Q

_______-_______ species are adapted to function well in rapidly changing environments

A

r-selected

52
Q

In r-selected species, the organisms are generally _______, have _______ generation times, and produce many offspring in a single reproductive event. They usually receive little or no _______ _______.

A

small, short, parental care

53
Q

r-selected species have a high _______ - populations grow exponentially when conditions are favorable. Also, most offspring die before reaching _______ maturity (Type ___ survivorship)

A

r max, sexual, III

54
Q

In K-selected species, the organisms are generally _______, have _______ generation times, and produce little offspring (high quality) in a single reproductive event. They usually receive substantial _______ _______.

A

large, long, parental care

55
Q

r-selected species have a low _______ - populations grow slowly. They have Type ___ or ___ survivorship)

A

r max, I, II

56
Q

A biological _______ are species that occurs at any particular locality

A

community

57
Q

Biological communities are characterized by species _______ (the number of species present) and primary _______ (the amount of energy produced)

A

richness, productivity

58
Q

_______: Places where the environment changes abruptly

A

Ecotones

59
Q

_______: The total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

A

Niche

60
Q

Examples of niches are: _______ utilization, _______ consumption, _______ range, _______ conditions, etc.

A

Space, food, temperature, mating

61
Q

_______ competition occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both

A

Interspecific

62
Q

_______ competition is when there are physical interactions over access to resources

A

Interference

63
Q

_______ competition is when the same resources are consumed

A

Exploitative

64
Q

A _______ niche is an entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

A

fundamental

65
Q

A _______ niche is the actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

A

realized

66
Q

_______ _______: If two species are competing for a limited resource, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally

A

Competitive exclusion

67
Q

_______ _______ is often seen in similar species that occupy the same geographic area, where they divide limited resources

A

Resource partitioning

68
Q

_______ _______ is differences in morphology evident between sympatric species

A

Character displacement

69
Q

_______ is the consuming of one organism by another

A

predation

70
Q

Plants adapt to predation (_______) by evolving mechanisms to defend themselves. They evolve _______ defenses (secondary compounds) like oils or poison

A

herbivory, chemical

71
Q

Herbivores _______ to continue eating plants despite defense mechanisms

A

coevolve

72
Q

Insects and other animals that are poisonous use _______ coloration.

A

warning

73
Q

Organisms that lack specific chemical defenses use _______ coloration to help them blend with surroundings.

A

cryptic

74
Q

Camouflaged animals do not usually live in _______

A

groups

75
Q

_______ allows one species to capitalize on defensive strategies of another

A

mimicry

76
Q

_______ mimicry is where mimics look like a distasteful species

A

Batesian

77
Q

_______ mimicry is where several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another

A

Mullerian

78
Q

_______ is where 2 or more kinds of organisms interact in more-or-less permanent relationships

A

Symbiosis

79
Q

_______ benefits both species. They may coevolve

A

Mutualism

80
Q

_______ benefits one species at the expense of another

A

Parisitism

81
Q

_______ benefits one species and is neutral to the other

A

Commensalism

82
Q

_______ species are species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect (like beavers)

A

Keystone

83
Q

_______: Communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex

A

Succession

84
Q

_______: Early successional species are characterized by _______-_______ species tolerant of harsh conditions

A

Establishment, r-selected

85
Q

_______: Early successional species introduce loyal changes in the habitat. _______-_______ species replace r-selected species.

A

Facilitation, K-selected

86
Q

_______: Changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species

A

Inhibition

87
Q

Communities are constantly changing as a result of: _______ changes, _______ invasions, _______ events

A

Climatic, species, disturbance

88
Q

_______ is common, rather than exceptional in many communities

A

Disturbance

89
Q
A

BIO 214 (8 decks)

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